Parathyroid hormone:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. Its main function is to raise calcium levels in the blood by acting on the bones, kidneys, and intestines. PTH stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, enhances the absorption of calcium by the intestines, and promotes the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys. Therefore, it is secreted in increased amounts when blood calcium levels are below normal in order to maintain overall calcium balance in the body.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and endocrinology, understanding the effects of diabetes on a fetus is crucial for healthcare professionals. The correct answer, option B) Hyperbilirubinemia, is not typically associated with the effect of diabetes on the fetus. Hyperbilirubinemia is more commonly linked to conditions such as Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus or other factors unrelated to maternal diabetes. Option A) Microsomia, option C) Stillbirth, and option D) Open neural tube defect are all potential complications of diabetes in pregnancy. Microsomia refers to a condition where a baby is significantly smaller than normal, which can occur due to maternal diabetes impacting fetal growth. Stillbirth is a tragic outcome that can be associated with poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy leading to complications such as placental insufficiency. Open neural tube defects can also be linked to maternal diabetes, as the condition can affect normal fetal development, including neural tube formation. Educationally, understanding these potential complications of diabetes in pregnancy is essential for healthcare professionals to provide optimal care for both the mother and the fetus. It highlights the importance of proper management of diabetes before and during pregnancy to minimize the risks associated with these complications. This knowledge can guide healthcare providers in offering appropriate counseling, monitoring, and interventions to support positive outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Myxoedema refers to severe hypothyroidism which can lead to neurological manifestations. The correct features associated with myxoedema include delayed relaxation of ankle jerk (Choice A), hypertonia (Choice C), and bradylalia (Choice D). Cerebellar ataxia, which involves incoordination and balance issues due to dysfunction of the cerebellum, is not a typical neurological feature seen in myxoedema.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly is the condition characterized by the enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to the overproduction of growth hormone in adults. This excess growth hormone typically comes from a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, leading to the gradual enlargement of these body parts. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and is not directly related to bone enlargement. Gigantism is the condition of excessive growth in height due to overproduction of growth hormone occurring in children before the closure of growth plates. Myxedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism and is not directly associated with bone enlargement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Myxoedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism that can lead to the slowing down of various body functions, including reduced heart rate (bradycardia). As the condition progresses and the body's metabolism becomes more depressed, one of the compensatory mechanisms is an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) to try to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. Therefore, tachycardia is a characteristic feature of myxoedema coma, rather than hypertension or euthermia which are not typically associated with this condition. Hypoventilation is also a common feature of myxoedema coma due to the decreased metabolic rate and respiratory drive.