Panic disorders (Phobias) can be treated by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Alprazolam (choice C), a benzodiazepine, treats panic disorders by enhancing GABA, reducing acute anxiety. Thiopentone (choice A), an anesthetic, and Paraldehyde (choice B), a sedative, aren't for panic. Chlorpromazine (choice D), an antipsychotic, targets psychosis, not panic. Alprazolam's specificity is key.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Leflunomide (choice D) manages rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting pyrimidine synthesis, reducing immune-mediated joint damage. Psoriasis (choice A), peptic ulcer (choice B), and colon cancer (choice C) involve different pathologies (e.g., skin, GI, oncology), not leflunomide's target. This reflects its immunomodulatory role.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Phenytoin is the correct answer as it is known to cause gum hyperplasia as a side effect. Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug that can lead to the overgrowth of gum tissue, a condition known as gingival hyperplasia. This adverse effect is due to the drug's effect on fibroblast proliferation in the gum tissue. The incorrect options can be explained as follows: A) Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic medication known for causing side effects like sedation, weight gain, and movement disorders but not gum hyperplasia. B) Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine that does not typically cause gum hyperplasia. C) Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures, and it is not associated with gum hyperplasia. Educationally, understanding the side effects of drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when prescribing medications. Knowing the potential adverse effects of drugs like phenytoin can help healthcare providers monitor patients for signs of gum hyperplasia and take appropriate actions to manage or prevent this condition. This knowledge also underscores the importance of patient education regarding medication side effects and the need for regular dental check-ups while on certain medications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Cardiac arrhythmias. Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is known for its potential adverse effects, including gastrointestinal ulceration, renal dysfunction, and Reye's syndrome in children with viral infections. Cardiac arrhythmias, however, are not a common adverse effect associated with aspirin use. Aspirin is more likely to cause gastrointestinal issues due to its effects on prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach, renal dysfunction due to altered kidney function, and Reye's syndrome, a rare but severe condition primarily affecting children. Educationally, understanding the potential adverse effects of aspirin is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those prescribing or administering this medication. By knowing these effects, healthcare professionals can monitor patients effectively, manage side effects, and make informed decisions about the appropriate use of aspirin in different clinical scenarios. This knowledge also highlights the importance of individualizing treatment plans and considering the risks and benefits of pharmacological interventions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Dose dependent decrease in respiration. Morphine, being an opioid analgesic, is known to cause respiratory depression as a side effect. This effect is dose-dependent, meaning higher doses of morphine increase the risk of respiratory suppression, which can be life-threatening. Option A) Stimulation of the cough reflex is incorrect because morphine actually suppresses the cough reflex, which is why it is used as an antitussive medication. Option B) Diarrhea is a potential side effect of morphine due to its action on the gastrointestinal tract, but it is not as significant or common as respiratory depression. Option D) Transient hypertension is not a typical side effect of morphine. In fact, morphine is more likely to cause hypotension (low blood pressure) due to its vasodilatory effects. In the context of pharmacology education, understanding the side effects of drugs like morphine is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Healthcare professionals need to be aware of these side effects to monitor patients appropriately and intervene if necessary to prevent adverse outcomes. The emphasis on dose-dependent effects highlights the importance of proper dosing and individualized patient care when using medications with potentially serious side effects like morphine.