Pain in the lower extremities due to peripheral artery disease usually worsens:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In peripheral artery disease, pain in the lower extremities worsens with the elevation of the extremity because it diverts blood flow away from the affected area, exacerbating the pain. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Resting doesn't increase blood flow, a dependent position doesn't lead to blood pooling in this context, and pain worsening due to touch or massage is not a typical feature of peripheral artery disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of dehydration, the correct answer is B) A 50-year-old man who is morbidly obese. This is because individuals who are obese are more prone to dehydration due to their increased body mass, which requires a higher amount of water for proper functioning. Additionally, obese individuals may have impaired thirst mechanisms and may not consume enough fluids to meet their body's needs, leading to dehydration. Option A) A 50-year-old woman who is a bodybuilder is less likely to experience dehydration compared to the obese man because bodybuilders are typically conscious of their hydration needs and often consume adequate fluids to support their intense physical activity. Option C) A 10-year-old child who is thin is less likely to experience dehydration as well, as children generally have better-regulated thirst mechanisms and tend to drink fluids more frequently compared to adults. Option D) A 30-year-old with multiple sclerosis may face challenges related to dehydration due to potential mobility issues or medication side effects, but the likelihood is lower compared to the obese individual, as multiple sclerosis itself does not directly increase the risk of dehydration. From an educational perspective, understanding the factors that contribute to dehydration in different populations is crucial for nursing students. It involves recognizing the specific risk factors, such as obesity in this case, that can predispose individuals to dehydration and tailoring interventions to meet the unique needs of each patient to prevent complications associated with fluid imbalance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Palpable kidneys. Polycystic kidney disease often leads to the development of multiple fluid-filled cysts within the kidneys, causing them to enlarge. Enlarged kidneys can be palpated during a physical examination. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Suprapubic pain is not a typical clinical manifestation of polycystic kidney disease. Periorbital edema is more commonly associated with conditions like nephrotic syndrome or heart failure. Low serum creatinine level is not expected in patients with renal impairment due to polycystic kidney disease; instead, elevated serum creatinine levels are more likely.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immune complex deposition, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation. In acute glomerulonephritis, immune complexes deposit in the glomerulus, leading to inflammation, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation. These processes collectively reduce the glomerular filtration rate. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the pathophysiologic process in acute glomerulonephritis. Decreased renal-induced constriction of the renal arteries, necrosis of nephrons due to increased kidney interstitial hydrostatic pressure, and scar tissue formation in the proximal convoluted tubule are not the primary mechanisms responsible for the decreased filtration rate in this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Obesity and irregular menstrual cycles, including periods of amenorrhea and infrequent periods, are significant risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. Choice A is less likely as postmenopausal status reduces the risk. Choice C is not directly associated with a high risk of endometrial cancer. Choice D, smoking, is more strongly linked to other types of cancers like lung cancer rather than endometrial cancer.