Overtreatment with the following thyroid inhibitor results in enlargement of the thyroid:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) All of the above. The rationale behind this is that overtreatment with any of the thyroid inhibitors listed (Lugol's iodine, Radioactive iodine, and Carbimazole) can lead to enlargement of the thyroid, a condition known as goiter. Lugol's iodine is a solution containing molecular iodine and potassium iodide, which can cause goiter if used in excess. Radioactive iodine, often used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, can also lead to goiter if the dosage is too high. Carbimazole, a medication used to treat hyperthyroidism, can cause goiter as a side effect when overused or not properly monitored. To understand why the other options are incorrect, we can look at their individual mechanisms. Lugol's iodine and radioactive iodine are both forms of iodine that can affect thyroid function, but they are not the only substances that can cause goiter through overtreatment. Carbimazole, as mentioned earlier, is a medication that can also result in goiter if misused. In an educational context, it is crucial for students to grasp the potential consequences of overtreatment with thyroid inhibitors, as this knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals working with patients with thyroid disorders. Understanding the side effects and proper dosages of these medications is vital for providing safe and effective care to individuals with thyroid conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glucose entry into adipose tissue cells is highly dependent on the presence of insulin. Insulin plays a crucial role in promoting glucose uptake by inducing the translocation of glucose transporter proteins, particularly GLUT4, to the cell membrane of adipose tissue cells. This process allows the cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream, thereby regulating blood glucose levels. In the absence of insulin or in conditions of insulin resistance, such as in diabetes, glucose uptake by adipose tissue is impaired, leading to hyperglycemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The most common adverse reaction to insulin therapy is hypoglycemia. Insulin works by lowering blood sugar levels, but if too much insulin is administered or not enough food is consumed, it can result in blood sugar levels dropping too low, leading to hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, sweating, confusion, irritability, dizziness, fast heartbeat, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures. It is important for individuals on insulin therapy to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia to address it promptly.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Regular insulin is the preferred choice for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to its rapid onset of action. Regular insulin is a short-acting insulin that can be started as an intravenous infusion for quicker correction of elevated blood glucose levels in DKA. It helps to reduce ketone production and promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, thus addressing both the hyperglycemia and ketosis seen in DKA.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metformin is preferred over phenformin because it is less liable to cause lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the buildup of lactic acid in the blood. Phenformin, an older biguanide medication similar to metformin, has been associated with a higher risk of causing lactic acidosis compared to metformin. This risk led to the removal of phenformin from the market due to safety concerns. Metformin, on the other hand, has a lower risk of causing lactic acidosis, making it a safer choice for the management of diabetes.