Osteoporosis risk: Who is at risk?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, option A is the correct answer. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. Chronic use of corticosteroids like prednisone can significantly increase the risk of osteoporosis due to their negative effects on bone mineral density. This is because corticosteroids interfere with calcium absorption and bone formation, predisposing individuals to osteoporosis. Options B, C, and D are incorrect. Option B, a 40-year-old woman who works as a secretary, is less likely to be at high risk for osteoporosis compared to a person on chronic corticosteroid therapy. Similarly, option C, a 60-year-old woman who walks three miles a day, and option D, a 50-year-old man who works as a mason, do not have significant risk factors for osteoporosis based on the information provided. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for osteoporosis is crucial for healthcare providers to identify individuals who may benefit from early screening, preventive measures, and appropriate interventions to mitigate the risk of developing this debilitating condition. It is essential to educate patients, especially those on long-term corticosteroid therapy, about the importance of bone health, calcium intake, weight-bearing exercises, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and its associated complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, respecting a client's spirituality is crucial for holistic care. Option C, saying a silent prayer with a client at their request, is the correct choice as it demonstrates respect for the client's beliefs without imposing the nurse's own beliefs. This action fosters a therapeutic relationship and shows empathy and support for the client's spiritual needs. Option A, changing the position of the bed in a Muslim client's room so that it faces east, is culturally sensitive but not necessarily related to spirituality. It is important to understand the distinction between cultural practices and spiritual beliefs in providing individualized care. Option B, contacting the chaplain to assess spiritual needs, is a valuable action, but in this scenario, the client has explicitly requested a prayer, making direct involvement by the nurse more appropriate. Option D, praying out loud in a dying client's room, may not align with the client's preferences or beliefs. It is essential to respect the client's autonomy and choices regarding expressions of spirituality, especially in sensitive end-of-life situations. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of cultural competence, respectful communication, and person-centered care in pharmacology practice. Understanding and honoring the spiritual beliefs of clients contribute to their overall well-being and treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question regarding Anthrax, option B is the correct answer because Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, not a virus. Anthrax can manifest as skin lesions (cutaneous anthrax) or pneumonia (inhalation anthrax), making option B the most accurate choice. Option A is incorrect because Anthrax is caused by a bacterium, not a virus. Option C is incorrect as Anthrax is primarily acquired through contact with infected animals or their products, not through person-to-person transmission. Option D is also incorrect, as while penicillin can be used to treat Anthrax, the standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or penicillin, not IV penicillin alone for 30 days. Educationally, understanding the causative agent, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for Anthrax is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those in fields where exposure is more likely. This knowledge is vital for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A, the 16-year-old student who plays football. This is because playing football increases the risk of skin abrasions and close physical contact with others, creating an environment conducive to Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-MRSA) transmission. CA-MRSA is commonly spread through skin-to-skin contact or sharing contaminated items. Option B, the 48-year-old person who has taken antibiotics for sinus infections, is incorrect because antibiotic use does not directly increase susceptibility to CA-MRSA. In fact, overuse of antibiotics can contribute to antibiotic resistance but not specifically to CA-MRSA. Option C, the 36-year-old man serving jail time for robbery, is incorrect because being in jail does not inherently increase susceptibility to CA-MRSA unless there are specific risk factors present in that environment. Option D, the 22-year-old woman who shares a towel after a swimming meet, is incorrect because while sharing towels can potentially spread CA-MRSA if the towel is contaminated, the risk is lower compared to activities like contact sports where there is direct skin-to-skin contact. In an educational context, understanding the risk factors for CA-MRSA transmission is essential for healthcare providers to educate patients on prevention strategies. Teaching individuals engaged in activities like contact sports about proper hygiene, wound care, and avoiding sharing personal items can help reduce the spread of CA-MRSA in high-risk settings.