Orthostatic hypotension is a common side e昀昀ect in which of these drugs (select all that apply)?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect seen in ACE Inhibitors due to their mechanism of action causing vasodilation and decreased blood pressure when changing positions. This occurs because ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation. On the other hand, anticoagulants, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers do not typically cause orthostatic hypotension as their primary mechanisms of action differ. Anticoagulants work to prevent blood clot formation, beta blockers reduce heart rate and blood pressure by blocking beta receptors, and calcium channel blockers inhibit the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac workload. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of different drug classes is crucial for safe medication administration and patient monitoring. Nurses and healthcare providers must be able to recognize and manage potential adverse effects to provide optimal patient care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Physostigmine is the antidote for Atropine overdose. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks the action of acetylcholine. Physostigmine works by increasing the levels of acetylcholine in the body, counteracting the effects of Atropine. It can help reverse the side effects of Atropine overdose, such as dry mouth, tachycardia, and drowsiness. Flumazenil is the antidote for benzodiazepines, Naloxone is the antidote for opioids, and Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Plasmin is an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down fibrin, a protein that forms blood clots. When an area of vessel needs to have its blood flow restored, such as after a clot has formed, plasmin is activated to dissolve the clot. By breaking down the fibrin mesh of the clot, plasmin helps restore normal blood flow in the affected vessel. Therefore, the restoration of blood flow results through the dissolution of clot by plasmin, making option B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The statement "Convenient, safe, economical" does not accurately describe intravenous injection. Intravenous injection is generally considered to be less convenient compared to other routes of administration due to the need for proper training, sterile technique, and close monitoring during drug administration. While it can be effective in delivering drugs quickly and directly into the bloodstream, it is not always the safest or most economical option. Intravenous administration carries risks such as infection, phlebitis, and possible adverse reactions that need to be carefully monitored. Additionally, the cost of intravenous drug administration tends to be higher due to the need for specialized equipment and trained personnel.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic associated with ototoxicity, which can manifest as hearing loss or tinnitus. Patients should be instructed to report any changes in hearing. Sunscreen is not specifically required for gentamicin, as it does not cause photosensitivity. Intravenous gentamicin is typically infused over 30-60 minutes, not 20 minutes. Monitoring for mouth ulcers and vaginitis is not a priority with gentamicin, but renal function and ototoxicity should be closely monitored.