Organizations are made up of intertwined links and diversified choices that generate unanticipated consequences. This defines which of the following theories?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chaos theory. Chaos theory explains how complex systems, like organizations, can exhibit unpredictable behavior due to small changes in initial conditions. In this context, the interconnectedness and diverse choices within organizations result in unanticipated consequences. Contingency theory (A) focuses on adapting to environmental factors, closed system theory (B) suggests organizations are isolated from the environment, and open system theory (C) emphasizes interactions with the external environment, but none directly address the unpredictable consequences arising from intertwined links and diverse choices within organizations like Chaos theory does.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because a transformational leader inspires and motivates followers to achieve their full potential. In this scenario, the Advanced Practice Nurse is encouraging the staff nurse to pursue additional education, showing a commitment to individual growth and development. This aligns with the characteristics of a transformational leader. Choice A is incorrect because simply requesting staff to work overtime does not demonstrate transformational leadership qualities. Choice B is incorrect as encouraging staff to use proper forms is more aligned with transactional leadership. Choice C is incorrect as reminding a CNA to work on time management skills is more about task-oriented leadership rather than transformational leadership.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Power-coercive. State boards of nursing have the authority to enforce regulations and standards through legal power, making them a power-coercive change agent. They can mandate compliance and impose consequences for non-compliance, utilizing their regulatory power to drive change. A: Resistance is incorrect as state boards of nursing do not resist change but rather implement and enforce it. B: Empirical-rational is incorrect as this approach involves presenting data and information to persuade individuals to change, which may not align with the state boards' regulatory enforcement. C: Normative-reeducative is incorrect as it focuses on changing beliefs and values through education and social influence, which is not the primary method used by state boards of nursing for implementing change.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 24 hours. Reporting a major incident within 24 hours is crucial for prompt resolution and mitigation of potential impacts. This timeframe allows for timely assessment, communication, and implementation of necessary actions. Reporting within 24 hours enables the organization to adhere to regulatory requirements, maintain transparency, and initiate the incident management process effectively. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as delaying reporting beyond 24 hours can result in increased risks, hinder the organization's ability to respond effectively, and may lead to non-compliance with regulations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because effective delegation involves assigning tasks to appropriate staff members while providing oversight. This ensures tasks are completed safely and accurately. Retaining all tasks (A) does not promote staff development. Assigning tasks without supervision (B) can lead to errors. Avoiding delegation (D) limits staff growth. Effective delegation (C) maximizes efficiency and empowers staff.