One of the primary functions of the kidney is to filter blood in order to remove substances that have no useful function in the body. Which of the following is the correct path of blood from the abdominal aorta to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct path of blood flow in the kidney is from the abdominal aorta to the renal arteries, then to the segmental arteries, followed by interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arteries, peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, and finally to the inferior vena cava. Choice C accurately follows this sequential flow of blood, making it the correct answer. Explanation for why other choices are incorrect: - Choice A has the incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, which disrupts the correct flow. - Choice B also has an incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, leading to an inaccurate path. - Choice D has the interlobar and interlobular arteries in the wrong order, deviating from the correct blood flow pathway.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Prostatic hypertrophy causes an enlarged prostate gland. 2. Enlarged prostate can lead to symptoms like straining, loss of force, and sense of residual urine. 3. These symptoms are due to obstruction of the urethra by the enlarged prostate. 4. Polyuria, urgency, dysuria, oliguria, and foul-smelling urine are not typical symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy. Summary: Choice C is correct because it directly relates to the obstructive symptoms caused by prostatic hypertrophy. Choices A, B, and D do not align with the typical symptoms of this condition and are therefore incorrect.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ampicillin. It is considered safe to use in newborn babies due to its efficacy against common bacterial infections in this age group. Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is often prescribed for neonatal sepsis and meningitis. It is also well-tolerated and has minimal side effects in newborns. A: Chloramphenicol is not recommended in newborns due to the risk of gray baby syndrome. B: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole can cause kernicterus and other adverse effects in newborns. C: Tetracyclines can lead to tooth discoloration and inhibit bone growth in newborns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin known for broad-spectrum coverage. 2. It has excellent activity against gram-negative anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis. 3. It is also one of the cephalosporins that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. 4. The other choices do not have the same anaerobic coverage or BBB penetration. Summary: - B: Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephalosporin with anaerobic coverage but does not cross the BBB. - C: Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin with limited anaerobic activity and no BBB penetration. - D: Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin with no anaerobic activity or BBB penetration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Valacyclovir. Valacyclovir is a commonly prescribed antiviral medication used to treat genital herpes simplex virus infections. Firstly, it is a nucleoside analog that inhibits viral DNA replication, helping to reduce symptoms and prevent outbreaks. Additionally, Valacyclovir is well-tolerated and effective in managing herpes infections in young adults. Choice A, Amantadine, is an antiviral primarily used for treating influenza A virus infections and is not effective against herpes simplex viruses. Choice C, Lamivudine, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV and hepatitis B infections, not herpes simplex virus infections. Choice D, Zanamivir, is also an antiviral used for treating influenza infections and is not indicated for genital herpes simplex virus infections.