One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviors. Option B, "difficulty relating to others," is the correct answer because it directly reflects one of the core features of ASD. Individuals with ASD often struggle with understanding social cues, forming relationships, and expressing empathy, making it challenging for them to relate to others in typical ways. Option A, "bed-wetting," is incorrect as it is not a primary characteristic of autism. Bed-wetting can occur in children for various reasons and is not specific to ASD. Option C, "short attention span," is also incorrect as attention span issues are not unique to ASD and can be present in various other psychological or developmental disorders. Option D, "intense and inappropriate interest in others," is incorrect as well, as while individuals with ASD may have intense interests, they are not necessarily inappropriate and this does not capture the core social difficulties seen in ASD. In an educational context, understanding the primary characteristics of ASD is crucial for educators, parents, and individuals working with those with ASD. Recognizing these core features can help in providing appropriate support, interventions, and accommodations to help individuals with ASD thrive in various settings. Educators should be aware of these characteristics to create inclusive and supportive environments for individuals with ASD.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors, but not inherently by sensory impairments like vision and hearing problems, which may occur but are not core diagnostic features, making it the correct answer as 'not a characteristic.'

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of psychobiological disorders, the correct answer to the question "Sexual interest aroused by non-living things is termed as" is A) Fetishism. Fetishism is a psychological disorder where individuals derive sexual arousal from non-living objects or specific body parts. This disorder is characterized by the need for the object to be present in order to achieve sexual gratification. Option B) Voyeurism involves obtaining sexual pleasure from observing others in intimate or sexual situations, which is distinct from fetishism. Option C) Sadism refers to deriving pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliation on others, while Option D) Transvestism is the practice of dressing and acting in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sex, which is also different from fetishism. Educationally, it is important to understand these distinctions to accurately diagnose and treat individuals with psychobiological disorders. By recognizing the specific characteristics of each disorder, mental health professionals can provide appropriate interventions and support to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their overall well-being. Understanding these nuances also helps reduce stigma and promote empathy and understanding towards individuals with these disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of psychobiological disorders, the correct answer to the question "The general term for the inability to recognize familiar objects is" is D) Agnosia. Agnosia refers to a condition where an individual is unable to recognize or identify objects, people, or sounds despite having intact sensory abilities. This inability is not due to a memory problem (Amnesia), a lack of thirst (Adipsia), or a language impairment (Aphasia), which are the other options provided. Educationally, understanding agnosia is crucial for students studying psychobiological disorders as it sheds light on how complex the human brain is and how specific areas can be affected, leading to profound deficits in perception and recognition. By differentiating agnosia from conditions like amnesia, adipsia, and aphasia, learners can grasp the nuances in cognitive functioning and how different brain regions are responsible for various aspects of perception and cognition. This knowledge is fundamental for healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing patients with psychobiological disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Deefer receives a treat every time he performs the behavior during initial training, which is continuous reinforcement (C). Partial reinforcement (A) involves intermittent rewards, negative reinforcement (B) removes an aversive stimulus, and fixed interval reinforcement (D) involves time-based rewards, none of which apply here.