One of the following monitors asthma and airway inflammation directly

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, monitoring asthma and airway inflammation is crucial for effective management. The correct answer is B) exhaled nitric oxide analysis. This test directly measures the level of nitric oxide in the child's breath, which is elevated in asthma due to airway inflammation. By monitoring nitric oxide levels, healthcare providers can assess airway inflammation and adjust treatment accordingly. Option A) spirometry is a valuable tool in diagnosing asthma and assessing lung function, but it does not directly monitor airway inflammation like exhaled nitric oxide analysis. Option C) radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is used to detect allergen-specific IgE antibodies in blood, helpful in identifying triggers for asthma exacerbations but does not monitor airway inflammation directly. Option D) fluorescent enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) is a test used to detect specific IgE antibodies in blood, similar to RAST, but does not directly monitor asthma or airway inflammation. Educationally, understanding the specific monitoring tools for asthma in pediatric patients is essential for nursing practice. By knowing which tests directly assess airway inflammation, nurses can provide more targeted care and interventions for children with asthma, leading to better outcomes and quality of life.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) tuberous sclerosis. Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in multiple organs, including the skin, brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, and lungs. It does not typically present with signs and symptoms similar to atopic dermatitis. Option B) pyridoxine deficiency can present with dermatitis, as vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency can lead to skin issues. Option C) niacin deficiency can cause a condition known as pellagra, which includes dermatitis as one of its symptoms. Option D) multiple carboxylase deficiency is a metabolic disorder that can present with skin manifestations resembling eczema. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is crucial for providing accurate care to children presenting with skin issues. Recognizing the distinguishing features of various conditions helps nurses and healthcare providers make informed clinical decisions and provide appropriate interventions. This knowledge also contributes to ensuring timely referrals to specialists for further evaluation and management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) shellfish. This option is correct because shellfish allergies are one of the most common food allergies that tend to persist into adulthood. Allergies to shellfish, such as shrimp, crab, and lobster, are often lifelong and individuals usually do not outgrow them. It is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to be aware of this as shellfish allergies can cause severe and potentially life-threatening reactions. Option A) milk, Option B) soy, and Option C) egg are common food allergies in children, but they are generally outgrown as children age. Milk, soy, and egg allergies are more common in early childhood and many children will eventually outgrow these allergies. However, it is important to note that each individual's response to food allergies can vary, so it is essential for healthcare providers to assess and monitor allergies in pediatric patients regularly. In an educational context, understanding the persistence of certain food allergies like shellfish can help pediatric nurses provide effective care and guidance to patients and their families. By knowing which allergies are more likely to persist, nurses can assist in developing appropriate management plans, educating families on allergen avoidance, and recognizing and responding to allergic reactions promptly. This knowledge is vital for ensuring the safety and well-being of pediatric patients with food allergies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate antibiotic for the 10-year-old girl with a history of cefaclor reaction and family history of penicillin anaphylaxis is Clindamycin (Option C). The rationale for choosing Clindamycin is that it is a lincosamide antibiotic that is effective against many common bacteria causing respiratory infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae which is a common pathogen in pneumonia. Given the patient's history of allergic reactions to cefaclor and family history of penicillin anaphylaxis, it is crucial to choose an antibiotic that is not in the same drug class to avoid potential cross-reactivity and severe allergic reactions. Ceftriaxone (Option A) is a cephalosporin like cefaclor and can lead to a similar allergic reaction in this patient. Ciprofloxacin (Option B) is a fluoroquinolone and not typically used as first-line treatment for pediatric pneumonia. Penicillin (Option D) is contraindicated due to the family history of anaphylaxis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of considering a patient's allergy history and family history when selecting antibiotics. It reinforces the principle of choosing antibiotics based on their efficacy, safety profile, and the patient's individual factors. Understanding antibiotic selection in pediatric patients is crucial for providing safe and effective care, especially in cases of allergies and adverse reactions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the stages of neural development is crucial to provide comprehensive care for infants and children. Lissencephaly is a condition characterized by smooth brain surfaces due to abnormal neuronal migration during brain development. The correct answer is C) Neuronal migration because lissencephaly specifically involves disruption in the migration of neurons to their proper locations in the brain. Option A) Myelination refers to the process of forming the myelin sheath around nerves, which occurs later in development and is not directly related to lissencephaly. Option B) Neuronal and glial proliferation involves the rapid increase in the number of neurons and glial cells, which is an earlier stage than migration. Option D) Neuronal organization is about the arrangement of neurons into functional neural circuits, which is a later stage of development than migration and not the primary issue in lissencephaly. Understanding the stages of neural development and associated disorders like lissencephaly is essential for pediatric nurses to recognize developmental abnormalities, provide appropriate care, and support families. By grasping these concepts, nurses can contribute to early identification, intervention, and management of neurodevelopmental conditions in pediatric patients.