One of the following is a microcytic hypochromic anemia:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding different types of anemia is crucial for providing effective care to children. In this case, the correct answer is B) Iron deficiency anemia, which is a microcytic hypochromic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic) red blood cells due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis. It is a common type of anemia in children, often caused by inadequate dietary intake, blood loss, or poor absorption. A) Aplastic anemia is a normocytic normochromic anemia caused by bone marrow failure, leading to a decrease in all blood cell types. C) Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting white blood cells and does not present as microcytic hypochromic anemia. D) Sickle cell anemia is a hemolytic anemia characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells due to a genetic mutation affecting hemoglobin. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of recognizing different types of anemia in pediatric patients and understanding their etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches. It highlights the significance of thorough assessment and diagnostic skills in providing quality care to children with hematologic disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Fever - Pallor - Purpura, which represents the famous triad seen in acute leukemia. This combination is indicative of the classic symptoms associated with acute leukemia in pediatric patients. Fever is a common presenting symptom in leukemia due to the body's response to the abnormal production of leukemic cells. Pallor results from anemia, which is a common hematological manifestation of leukemia. Purpura, which refers to small hemorrhages under the skin, mucous membranes, or internal organs, can occur due to the decreased platelet count in leukemia. Option A) Fever - Pallor - Abdominal enlargement is incorrect because abdominal enlargement is more commonly associated with conditions like hepatomegaly or splenomegaly, which can occur in leukemia but are not part of the classic triad. Option B) Pallor - Purpura - Bone aches is incorrect as bone aches are a common symptom in leukemia but not part of the classic triad. Option D) Purpura - Fever - Lymphadenopathy is incorrect because lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) is not typically part of the classic triad seen in acute leukemia. Understanding these classic triads and symptom clusters in pediatric nursing is crucial for early identification and prompt management of conditions like acute leukemia, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive pediatric nursing exam preparation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D is the correct answer. The nurse should respond that the infant being prone while awake is acceptable to encourage head control and turning over. This response is based on the understanding that supervised tummy time is crucial for strengthening neck and upper body muscles, which are essential for developing head control and achieving the milestone of rolling over. Tummy time also helps prevent positional plagiocephaly (flat head syndrome). Option A is incorrect because placing infants on their back to sleep is the recommended position to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Option B is incorrect as tummy time actually supports the attainment of developmental milestones. Option C is also incorrect as fine motor development is more closely associated with activities that engage the hands and fingers rather than the position of the infant during sleep or awake times. In an educational context, it is important for nurses and caregivers to understand the significance of tummy time for infants' physical development. By explaining the benefits of tummy time, nurses can empower parents to incorporate this activity into their infant's daily routine to support healthy growth and development.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Understanding the developmental milestones of infants is crucial for pediatric nurses as it guides their assessment and care planning. In this case, the correct answer is C) 3 months. At around 3 months of age, infants typically start to recognize familiar faces and objects, such as a feeding bottle. This milestone is part of their social and cognitive development, signaling the beginning of their ability to distinguish between different stimuli in their environment. Option A) 1 month is too early for infants to demonstrate the level of recognition described in the question. While infants may start to track objects with their eyes at this age, true recognition of familiar faces and objects usually emerges a bit later. Option B) 2 months is still early for the specific recognition mentioned in the question. Infants may begin to show more interest in faces and objects during this time, but the level of recognition described typically solidifies around the 3-month mark. Option D) 4 months is beyond the typical age range when infants start recognizing familiar faces and objects. By this age, most infants have already developed this ability and are progressing to more advanced social interactions and cognitive skills. Educationally, understanding these developmental timelines helps pediatric nurses assess infants' progress and identify any potential delays or concerns. It also enables them to educate parents on what to expect in their child's development and provide appropriate support and interventions when needed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D is the correct answer: a topical anesthetic, EMLA, can be applied before injections are given. This is the right choice because it addresses the mother's concern about the discomfort associated with injections. By using EMLA cream, the infant's pain and discomfort can be significantly reduced, making the immunization process more tolerable for the child. Option A is incorrect because discomfort associated with injections can be minimized, so it is not something that cannot be prevented. Option B is incorrect because infants do feel pain, and it is important to acknowledge and address their pain during procedures. Option C is incorrect as it dismisses the mother's concern without providing a solution or addressing the underlying issue. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand and address parental concerns regarding immunizations. By providing education and support, nurses can help parents make informed decisions that are in the best interest of their child's health. Using strategies like topical anesthetics can improve the immunization experience for both infants and parents, promoting better compliance with immunization schedules and ultimately contributing to public health outcomes.