One of the following is a bad prognostic criterion for acute lymphoblastic leukemia:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding prognostic criteria for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is crucial for providing optimal care. The correct answer is D) Anemia. Anemia is a negative prognostic factor in ALL as it indicates bone marrow suppression and disease severity, affecting the body's ability to deliver oxygen to tissues. Option A) Leukocytes 2000/mm³ is not a bad prognostic criterion for ALL. Low leukocyte count may indicate bone marrow suppression from the disease or treatment but is not inherently a poor prognostic factor. Option B) Age 5 years is also not a bad prognostic criterion. While age can impact treatment response and outcomes, being 5 years old alone does not indicate a poor prognosis. Option C) White race is not a prognostic criterion for ALL. Race does not directly impact the disease course or outcomes in ALL. Educationally, understanding prognostic factors in ALL helps nurses in assessing and managing pediatric patients. By recognizing negative prognostic indicators like anemia, nurses can anticipate complications, provide appropriate supportive care, and communicate effectively with the healthcare team and families to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Acute Leukemia, leukocytosis greater than 50,000 /cm is a bad prognostic criterion. Leukocytosis indicates a high number of abnormal white blood cells, which signifies a more aggressive disease course. This can lead to complications such as organ infiltration, bleeding, and infection. Option A, age more than 2 years, is not a bad prognostic criterion for acute leukemia. Children older than 2 years have a higher chance of survival compared to infants due to better tolerance to intensive treatments. Option C, no mediastinal mass, is not a prognostic criterion in acute leukemia. The presence or absence of a mediastinal mass is not directly related to the prognosis of the disease. Option D, no CNS manifestations, is not a bad prognostic criterion. While CNS involvement can complicate treatment, it alone does not determine the overall prognosis of acute leukemia. Educational Context: Understanding prognostic criteria in pediatric oncology is crucial for nurses caring for children with leukemia. Recognizing these criteria helps nurses anticipate potential complications, tailor care plans, and provide appropriate support to patients and families. Leukocytosis is a significant indicator of disease severity and guides treatment decisions, making it essential for nurses to grasp its implications in managing pediatric leukemia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for providing appropriate care and assessing a child's growth and development. The correct answer to the question is C) 11 to 12 months. By this age, most infants should be able to pull themselves to a standing position using furniture or other support. Option A) 6 months is too early for an infant to be able to pull to a standing position. At 6 months, infants are typically just starting to sit without support and are not yet able to bear weight on their legs to pull up. Option B) 8 months is still early for pulling to a standing position. At this age, infants are usually mastering crawling and may start to pull themselves up to a standing position with support but not independently. Option D) 14 to 15 months is too late for this milestone. By this age, most children should already be able to stand and may even be starting to take their first steps. Understanding these developmental timelines is essential for nurses working with infants and young children. It allows them to identify any delays or concerns early on, intervene when necessary, and provide appropriate support and education to parents regarding their child's development. By knowing when to expect certain milestones, nurses can also promote activities and exercises that support healthy development in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Teething is an important developmental milestone in infants, and understanding the typical timeline for tooth eruption is crucial for pediatric nursing practice. The correct answer to the question is B) 6 months. At around 6 months of age, infants typically begin teething with the eruption of their lower central incisors. This is considered normal in the developmental sequence of tooth eruption in infants. The eruption of the lower central incisors marks the beginning of the teething process, which can cause discomfort and irritability in infants. Option A) 4 months is too early for the eruption of lower central incisors in most infants. While some infants may start teething around 4 months, it is not the typical age for the eruption of these teeth. Option C) 8 months is slightly later than the average age for the eruption of lower central incisors. By 8 months, most infants would have already started teething and may have more teeth than just the lower central incisors. Option D) 12 months is too late for the eruption of the lower central incisors. By 12 months, most infants would have several teeth already erupted, including upper and lower incisors, and possibly even molars. Understanding the typical age range for teething and tooth eruption in infants is essential for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate anticipatory guidance to parents and caregivers. By knowing when to expect teething to begin, nurses can educate families on how to alleviate teething discomfort and promote good oral hygiene practices early on.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Hot dogs must be cut into small, irregular pieces to prevent aspiration. At 12 months, children are still developing their chewing and swallowing skills, and larger pieces of food like hot dogs can pose a choking hazard. Cutting hot dogs into small, irregular pieces reduces the risk of choking as the child learns to manage solid foods. Option A is incorrect because a 12-month-old child can digest hot dogs, but the concern lies more with the choking hazard rather than digestion. Option B is incorrect as it is not solely about safety but about the appropriate size and texture of the food. Option C is not the best choice as slicing hot dogs into sections may still be too large for a child at this age and doesn't address the irregularity needed to prevent choking. Educationally, it is important for nurses and caregivers to understand the importance of food preparation for young children to prevent choking incidents. Teaching parents about appropriate food sizes and textures can help ensure the safety of their child during meal times. It is crucial to provide this education to promote safe feeding practices and prevent potential choking emergencies.