One of the following definitions is FALSE

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Postaxial polydactyly = Extra thumb or toe present on the medial side of the hand is FALSE. Postaxial polydactyly actually refers to the presence of an extra digit on the lateral (outer) side of the hand or foot, not the medial side as stated in the option. A) Brachydactyly is a condition where individuals have short digits, often due to abnormal development of the bones in the fingers or toes. This definition is accurate and aligns with the condition. C) Clinodactyly is characterized by a medial or lateral curving or bending of the fingers. This definition is true and commonly seen in certain genetic syndromes or developmental variations. D) Camptodactyly refers to a permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically affecting the proximal interphalangeal joint. This definition is correct and is often a congenital condition or may be caused by certain neurological or musculoskeletal disorders. In pediatric nursing, understanding these terms is crucial for assessing and providing care for children with congenital hand or foot anomalies. Nurses need to accurately identify and differentiate between these conditions to provide appropriate interventions and support for the child and their family. Knowledge of these terms also helps in effective communication with other healthcare team members and families involved in the care of pediatric patients with such conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) adolescent girls. Somatoform disorders often manifest during adolescence, especially in girls. Adolescence is a period of significant physical, emotional, and social changes, which can contribute to the development of somatoform disorders as a way to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. Adolescent girls, in particular, may experience higher levels of stress related to body image, self-esteem, and societal expectations, making them more vulnerable to these disorders. Option A) infants of both sexes are less likely to develop somatoform disorders as they are not cognitively developed enough to exhibit the complex interplay between psychological and physical symptoms seen in these disorders. Option B) male toddlers are also less likely to develop somatoform disorders as these disorders typically emerge during late childhood or adolescence when cognitive and emotional development allows for the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. Option C) young children of female gender may experience some somatic complaints, but full-fledged somatoform disorders are less common in this age group compared to adolescents, as they have not yet reached the developmental stage where these disorders typically manifest. Educationally, understanding the vulnerability of adolescent girls to somatoform disorders is crucial for healthcare providers working with this population. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early, and providing appropriate support and interventions, can help address underlying emotional issues and prevent long-term negative impacts on their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) with comorbid depression and anxiety, selecting the most appropriate antidepressant is crucial for effective management. Sertraline (Option B) is the most suitable choice among the provided options. Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is commonly used in treating depression and anxiety disorders. Its tolerability profile is generally favorable, making it a preferred option in patients with CFS who may have sensitivity to side effects. Fluoxetine (Option A) is also an SSRI commonly used in depression and anxiety; however, its long half-life and potential for drug interactions may not make it the optimal choice for patients with CFS. Citalopram (Option C) is another SSRI, but it has more potential for drug interactions compared to sertraline. Clomipramine (Option D) is a tricyclic antidepressant with a higher side effect profile and is not typically the first choice in managing depression and anxiety in CFS patients. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological properties of different antidepressants and their implications in specific patient populations is crucial for nursing practice. By selecting the most appropriate antidepressant like sertraline for a patient with CFS and comorbid depression and anxiety, nurses can contribute to improved patient outcomes and quality of life. This knowledge empowers nurses to make informed clinical decisions and provide individualized care based on evidence-based practices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the different types of depressive disorders seen in children and adolescents is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The rationale behind this is that adjustment disorder with depressed mood is the most common depressive disorder in children and adolescents due to its direct link to stressful life events or changes. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, making them more prone to developing adjustment disorders. Option A) dysthymic disorder is a chronic, low-grade depressive disorder, less commonly seen in children compared to adults. Option B) atypical depression and Option D) seasonal affective disorder are less common in the pediatric population and are more often seen in adults. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing and differentiating depressive disorders in children and adolescents. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to consider the context of a child's life and any recent stressors when assessing and diagnosing depressive symptoms in this population. Understanding the prevalence of adjustment disorder with depressed mood in children can guide nurses in providing appropriate support and interventions tailored to the child's specific needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding comorbidities in children with autism is crucial for providing comprehensive care. The correct answer, "D) obsessive-compulsive disorder," is the most commonly associated disease with autism due to overlapping symptoms and shared neurobiological pathways. Children with autism often exhibit repetitive behaviors and restricted interests, which align with OCD symptoms. Option A, "mental retardation," while seen in some cases, is not the most commonly associated disease. With advances in understanding and diagnosis, the term "mental retardation" has been replaced with intellectual disability to reflect a broader understanding of cognitive impairments. Option B, "seizure disorder," although seen in a subset of children with autism, is not the most commonly associated disease. While there is an increased prevalence of epilepsy in individuals with autism, it is not the primary comorbidity. Option C, "anxiety disorders," are prevalent in children with autism, but obsessive-compulsive disorder is more commonly associated. Anxiety is a broad category, and while some children with autism may experience anxiety disorders, OCD has a more specific and frequent association. Understanding these associations is essential for nurses caring for children with autism. By recognizing common comorbidities like OCD, nurses can provide holistic care, address overlapping symptoms, and advocate for appropriate interventions to improve quality of life for these children.