One of the following causes of anemia is associated with macrocytosis:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Folic acid deficiency. In pediatric nursing, understanding the association between anemia and macrocytosis is crucial. Macrocytosis refers to the presence of abnormally large red blood cells, and it is commonly seen in conditions like folic acid deficiency. Folic acid is essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. A deficiency in folic acid can lead to ineffective red blood cell production, resulting in larger-than-normal cells. Option B) Sickle cell anemia is associated with microcytosis, where red blood cells are smaller than normal. This condition is characterized by a different type of anemia and does not typically present with macrocytosis. Option C) Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells of all types, leading to pancytopenia. While aplastic anemia can result in macrocytosis in some cases, it is not the primary association when compared to folic acid deficiency. Option D) Congenital spherocytosis is a hemolytic anemia characterized by spherical-shaped red blood cells that are more fragile and prone to destruction. This condition is not typically associated with macrocytosis. Understanding the specific associations between different types of anemia and their corresponding red blood cell characteristics is essential for pediatric nurses to provide accurate assessments, diagnoses, and interventions for their young patients. Recognizing the specific features of each type of anemia can guide appropriate treatment plans and improve outcomes for children with hematologic disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question from the Pediatric Nursing Test Bank, the correct answer is A) Iron deficiency anemia. Normocytic normochromic anemia is characterized by normal-sized red blood cells with normal hemoglobin content. Iron deficiency anemia, which is a microcytic hypochromic anemia, does not fit the criteria for normocytic normochromic anemia. Aplastic anemia, leukemia, and hemorrhagic anemia are all causes of normocytic normochromic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow disorder resulting in a decrease in all types of blood cells, including red blood cells. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to abnormal production of blood cells. Hemorrhagic anemia occurs due to acute or chronic blood loss, leading to a decrease in red blood cells. Educationally, understanding the different types of anemia and their characteristics is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care to children with hematologic disorders. It is important for nurses to be able to differentiate between various types of anemia based on their etiology, pathophysiology, and laboratory findings to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the timing of fontanel closure is crucial as it can indicate normal growth and development or potential abnormalities. The correct answer is A) 6 to 8 weeks for the closure of the posterior fontanel. This is an important milestone in infant development as the closure of fontanels signifies the ossification of the skull bones. Option B) 10 to 12 weeks is incorrect as fontanel closure typically occurs earlier, around 6 to 8 weeks. Option C) 4 to 6 months and Option D) 8 to 10 months are also incorrect as fontanel closure usually happens much earlier in infancy. Educationally, knowing the expected timeline for fontanel closure aids healthcare providers in assessing infants' growth and development. It also helps in early identification of any abnormalities or delays in skull development. Nurses and healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable about these developmental milestones to provide comprehensive care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is option A) Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation. At 12 months of age, children are typically developing their gross motor skills and coordination. Providing large push-pull toys can help stimulate these skills as they encourage the child to move around, push, and pull objects, promoting physical activity and coordination development. Option B) Place cradle gym across crib to facilitate fine motor skills is incorrect because cradle gyms are more suitable for newborns and younger infants to encourage reaching and batting movements. At 12 months, children are usually more active and require more engaging and challenging activities to support their development. Option C) Provide child with finger paints to enhance fine motor skills may not be appropriate at this age as finger painting requires a higher level of fine motor control and coordination that may be beyond a 12-month-old's capabilities. It is important to consider age-appropriate activities to support the child's development effectively. Option D) Provide stick horse to develop gross motor coordination is not as suitable for a 12-month-old as it may be too complex for their current stage of development. Activities involving riding toys are more appropriate for older toddlers who have already developed basic gross motor skills. In an educational context, it is crucial for parents to understand the developmental milestones and appropriate activities for their child's age. By providing accurate information on suitable play activities, parents can actively support their child's physical and cognitive development. Encouraging play that aligns with the child's current abilities can enhance learning experiences and promote healthy development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The best age to introduce solid foods into an infant's diet is typically between 4 to 6 months. At this age, the infant's digestive system has matured enough to handle more complex nutrients, and they have likely lost the extrusion reflex, making swallowing easier. It is an important transition period for introducing new foods.