One key issue in the study of human development is the continuity-discontinuity issue. The discontinuity side posits that development is characterized by change in type or kind. These are known as ____.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Qualitative change. Qualitative change aligns with the discontinuity view by involving changes in type or kind. This contrasts with quantitative change (B), which is about changes in amount or quantity. Maturation (C) refers to the process of becoming fully developed in a particular way, and multidirectional development (D) emphasizes that development involves both gains and losses, not specifically focusing on changes in type or kind.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nonnormative influences refer to unusual events that have a significant impact on individuals' lives by disrupting the typical life cycle. They are events that are not typical for a specific age or cohort. Normative history-graded influences (choice B) are common influences shared by a specific generation due to historical circumstances. Normative age-graded influences (choice C) are typical events that occur at a particular age for most people. A sensitive period (choice D) is a biologically determined time during which specific experiences have a lasting impact on development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Respondents who reported higher levels of perceived parental perfectionism are more likely to report lower levels of life satisfaction. This is because a negative relationship implies an inverse correlation, meaning as one variable increases, the other decreases. In this case, as perceived parental perfectionism increases, life satisfaction decreases. Option A is incorrect because it suggests a positive relationship, which contradicts the information provided about the negative correlation. Option C is incorrect as it simplifies the relationship to a causal one, which may not be accurate based on the study's findings. Option D is incorrect as it implies that any statement could be correct, which is not the case here. From an educational standpoint, understanding the nature of relationships between variables is crucial in research and psychology. This question highlights the importance of interpreting statistical findings correctly and recognizing the implications of different types of relationships in research studies. It also underscores the impact of parental behavior on an individual's well-being and satisfaction with life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Philosopher John Locke characterized the mind of a child as a 'blank slate,' indicating that it is devoid of innate ideas or characteristics. This concept suggests that a child's mind is shaped and developed through experiences and learning rather than having inherent qualities. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as Locke did not view the mind of a child as innately good, conscientious, or associated with the superego-ideal. Instead, he believed that individuals are born without built-in mental content, emphasizing the importance of environmental influences on cognitive development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Freud believed that castration anxiety among boys leads to the resolution of the Oedipus complex, not penis envy or cognitive learning. The Oedipus complex is a central psychodynamic concept in Freudian theory, where boys develop unconscious desires for their mothers and view their fathers as rivals, fearing castration by their fathers as a consequence.