One hypothesis links the cytokine storm associated with SARS and Avian Flu to

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because flu neuraminidase is a surface protein that allows the release of newly formed viral particles and it is also the target of Tamiflu. Neuraminidase helps the virus spread by cleaving sialic acid from host cells, facilitating the release of viral particles. Tamiflu inhibits neuraminidase, preventing the spread of the virus. Option A is incorrect because neuraminidase does not directly help the virus escape the host immune response. Option B is partially correct but incomplete without mentioning Tamiflu. Option C is also partially correct but incomplete without mentioning the role of neuraminidase in releasing viral particles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because coupling the polysaccharide subunit to a protein carrier enhances the immune response by converting the T-independent response to a T-dependent response. This allows for the induction of memory B cells and long-lasting immunity. Adjuvants (choice A) may enhance immune response but are not essential for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. Multiple booster injections (choice B) are not required for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines as a single dose can induce a robust immune response. Administering orally (choice C) is not the only route for obtaining an immune response to polysaccharide subunit vaccines.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." T cells help B cells undergo isotype switching by providing cytokines. They also help B cells produce antibodies against protein antigens by activating them. T cells provide signal 2 of activation to B cells through the interaction of CD40 on B cells with CD40L on T cells. Therefore, all of these functions are critical for the collaboration between T and B cells in the immune response.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells is not facilitated by the presence of naïve B cells. Naïve T cells interact with dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes, not with naïve B cells. The movement of T cells along connective tissue networks aids in their interaction with dendritic cells, and this interaction may supply the T cell with activation Signal 1, which is essential for T cell activation. Overall, the incorrect choices (B, C, and D) are actually true statements regarding the meeting of naïve T cells and dendritic cells, making them incorrect options.