On average, people from a collectivist culture (e.g., Japan) differ from people from an individualistic culture (e.g., United States) in several ways. Which answer below is INCORRECT about ways in which people from collectivist cultures tend to differ from people from individualistic cultures?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: People from a collectivist culture remember an object (like a fish) more accurately when it is later tested for without the original background. This is incorrect because research indicates that individuals from collectivist cultures tend to have a stronger context-dependent memory. They are more likely to remember objects in their original context due to their emphasis on holistic thinking, which values the relationship between objects and their surroundings. Option A is correct because studies have shown that individuals from collectivist cultures tend to pay more attention to contextual details, leading to more accurate line drawing relative to previously seen objects. Option C is incorrect as individuals from collectivist cultures are actually more prone to the fundamental attribution error, which involves attributing behavior to internal characteristics rather than external circumstances due to their emphasis on social harmony and conformity. Option D is incorrect as individuals from collectivist cultures may actually be more susceptible to the attractiveness bias, where they are influenced by the perceived attractiveness of a person or object due to their focus on social relationships and group harmony. In an educational context, understanding these cultural differences is crucial for psychologists and researchers to avoid generalizations and biases when studying behavior across different cultures. It highlights the importance of considering cultural factors in research design and interpretation to ensure the validity and reliability of findings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) People with a readily activated BAS are less likely to be extroverts, because the cortex of extroverts is harder to excite. This is based on Gray's Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Eysenck's Extroversion dimension. Gray's BAS is associated with approach behavior and responsiveness to rewards. Extroversion in Eysenck's theory is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and high levels of positive emotionality. Individuals with a highly activated BAS may seek out rewards and positive stimuli, which could lead to higher levels of impulsivity and risk-taking behavior, characteristics not typically associated with introversion. Option A is incorrect because extroverts are typically more easily excitable, not harder to excite. Option C is incorrect because it suggests extroverts' cortex is more easily excited, which is not consistent with extroversion characteristics. Option D is incorrect as it contradicts the relationship between BAS activation and extroversion as explained by Gray and Eysenck's theories. Understanding these concepts is crucial in comprehending the underlying mechanisms of personality traits and behaviors, providing valuable insights for both psychological research and clinical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Habituation paradigm. In infant cognition research, the habituation paradigm is commonly used to study how infants process and learn about the world around them. This method involves presenting a stimulus repeatedly until the baby becomes familiar with it or bored, which is indicated by a decrease in attention or response. This allows researchers to measure how infants discriminate between familiar and novel stimuli, providing insights into their cognitive abilities. Option B) Operant conditioning paradigm is focused on how behavior is influenced by consequences, like rewards or punishments, and is not specifically used to study infant cognition through stimulus presentation and habituation. Option C) Impulsivity paradigm is not a common method used in infant cognition research. Impulsivity typically refers to a tendency to act without thinking, which is not directly related to studying infant cognition through habituation. Option D) Visual cliff paradigm is used to assess depth perception in infants by creating an illusion of a drop-off, rather than studying cognitive processes through habituation of stimuli. Understanding the different paradigms used in studying infant cognition is essential for educators and researchers to design appropriate experiments and draw accurate conclusions about infant development. The habituation paradigm, in particular, helps us understand how infants process and learn from their environment, laying a foundation for further research in developmental psychology and neuroscience.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mark is experiencing an approach-approach conflict, Jason is facing an approach-avoidance conflict, and Terry is encountering an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Mark's scenario involves having to choose between two desirable options (MIT and Harvard), leading to an approach-approach conflict. Jason is in a situation where he has to decide between two undesirable outcomes (lying or getting fired), resulting in an approach-avoidance conflict. Terry's dilemma revolves around having to select between two negative options (work nights and weekends for a promotion), which signifies an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Educationally, understanding these types of internal conflicts is crucial in comprehending how individuals experience stress and make decisions. Approach-approach conflicts involve choosing between two positive outcomes, approach-avoidance conflicts involve weighing the pros and cons of a decision, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts entail selecting between two negative options. By recognizing these patterns, individuals can better manage their stress and decision-making processes. The other options are incorrect because they do not align with the specific characteristics of each person's scenario as described above. Option A incorrectly pairs Mark with approach-avoidance conflict, Jason with approach-approach conflict, and Terry with avoidance-avoidance conflict. Option B also mismatches the individuals with the types of conflicts they are facing. Option C inaccurately assigns the conflicts to the individuals. Understanding the nuances of each type of internal conflict is essential for students to grasp the complexities of decision-making and stress management in psychobiological disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of psychobiological disorders, the correct answer is D) A devout church-goer who hears 'the voice of God' in his head and believes it to be real. This individual is less likely to be diagnosed as psychotic because their experience aligns with their cultural or religious beliefs, and it does not significantly impair their functioning or cause distress. Option A is likely to be diagnosed as psychotic because the belief in space aliens monitoring thoughts is not culturally or religiously sanctioned and is a common delusion associated with psychotic disorders. Option B demonstrates paranoid ideation and potential delusions, which are indicative of a psychotic disorder. Option C presents a similar scenario to B but with a religious context, which could still be indicative of a psychotic disorder if it causes distress or impairs functioning. In an educational context, understanding the cultural and religious background of individuals is essential when assessing for psychotic disorders. It is crucial to differentiate between beliefs that are culturally accepted versus those that are indicative of a mental health condition. This question highlights the importance of considering the individual's cultural context and the impact of their beliefs on their daily life when making diagnostic decisions in the field of psychobiological disorders.