Omalizumab:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) Is administered by subcutaneous injection. Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat allergic conditions like asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It works by binding to free IgE in the blood, preventing it from triggering allergic reactions. Omalizumab is administered by subcutaneous injection because it needs to be delivered directly into the tissue below the skin to be effective. This route allows for slow and controlled absorption, ensuring the medication reaches the bloodstream gradually for optimal results. Option A) Is contraindicated in patients with IgE-mediated sensitivity to inhaled allergen is incorrect because omalizumab is actually used to treat conditions associated with IgE-mediated allergies, not contraindicated for them. Option B) Is used to treat severe acute attacks is incorrect because omalizumab is not typically used for the treatment of acute attacks, but rather for long-term management and prevention of allergic conditions. Option D) Inhibits warfarin metabolism via CYP 2C9 is incorrect because omalizumab does not have a direct interaction with warfarin metabolism via CYP 2C9. This statement is not relevant to the mechanism of action or administration of omalizumab. Educational Context: Understanding the correct administration route of medications is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure the safe and effective delivery of treatment to patients. Knowing that omalizumab is administered by subcutaneous injection helps healthcare providers in properly administering the medication, monitoring for potential side effects, and educating patients on self-administration techniques if applicable. This knowledge contributes to improved patient outcomes and medication adherence in the management of allergic conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Theophylline. Theophylline is a bronchodilator that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes, leading to increased levels of intracellular cyclic AMP. This ultimately results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles and dilation of the airways, making it easier to breathe. Unlike the other options, Theophylline does not primarily act by stimulating Beta adrenoceptors in respiratory smooth muscles. A) Adrenaline and B) Isoprenaline are both sympathomimetic drugs that stimulate Beta adrenoceptors, leading to bronchodilation. These drugs mimic the action of the body's natural adrenaline to relax smooth muscles in the respiratory tract. C) Salbutamol is also a Beta-2 adrenergic agonist that acts by stimulating Beta adrenoceptors in the respiratory smooth muscles. It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions by causing bronchodilation. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of action of different bronchodilator drugs is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with patients who have respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. Knowing how each drug works helps in selecting the most appropriate treatment for individual patients based on their specific needs and health conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the treatment of status asthmaticus, which is a severe and potentially life-threatening asthma exacerbation, it is crucial to provide immediate and appropriate interventions. The correct answer, option C) Aminophylline orally, is the exception among the options provided. Aminophylline, a xanthine bronchodilator, is not recommended in the management of status asthmaticus due to its slow onset of action and potential for serious side effects like cardiac arrhythmias. Option A) Adequate hydration is important in managing asthma exacerbations to prevent dehydration and improve mucus clearance. Option B) Salbutamol by nebulizer is a rapid-acting bronchodilator that helps relieve bronchoconstriction in acute asthma attacks. Option D) Hydrocortisone I.V is a systemic corticosteroid that helps reduce airway inflammation and is commonly used in the treatment of severe asthma exacerbations. Educationally, understanding the appropriate pharmacological interventions for status asthmaticus is crucial for healthcare professionals managing patients with acute respiratory distress. It is important to prioritize interventions that provide rapid relief, address airway inflammation, and minimize potential adverse effects to ensure the best outcomes for patients experiencing severe asthma exacerbations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fluticasone, when administered by inhalation, acts as an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid. This is the correct answer because it helps to reduce inflammation in the airways, a key component in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Fluticasone works by suppressing the inflammatory response, which helps to decrease swelling and mucus production in the airways, making it an effective long-term control medication for asthma. The other options are incorrect because: - Anti-leukotrienes work by blocking the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators involved in asthma, but fluticasone does not function in this way. - Anti-histamines are used to treat allergic reactions by blocking histamine, but they do not have the same anti-inflammatory effects as corticosteroids like fluticasone. - Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn sodium, work by preventing the release of inflammatory substances from mast cells and are not the mechanism of action of fluticasone. In an educational context, understanding the mechanism of action of medications used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about patient care. Knowing how fluticasone works can help clinicians optimize treatment plans and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Salbutamol. Salbutamol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist commonly used in the treatment of asthma. One of the known side effects of Salbutamol is skeletal muscle tremors due to its stimulatory effect on beta-2 receptors in muscles. This can lead to muscle tremors or shakiness in some individuals. Beclomethasone (B), Cromolyn (C), and Ipratropium (D) are not likely causes of skeletal muscle tremors in this case. Beclomethasone is an inhaled corticosteroid commonly used for asthma maintenance therapy, which does not typically cause muscle tremors. Cromolyn is a mast cell stabilizer that helps prevent asthma attacks by reducing inflammation, and it is not associated with muscle tremors. Ipratropium is an anticholinergic medication used to treat COPD and asthma, but it is not known to cause skeletal muscle tremors. Educationally, understanding the side effects of common medications used in the treatment of asthma is crucial for healthcare providers to provide safe and effective care to patients. Recognizing drug-induced adverse effects like skeletal muscle tremors allows for prompt identification, management, and possibly the adjustment of treatment regimens to ensure patient safety and well-being.