Of the following, the MOST likely cause of constipation is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question from the Essentials of Pediatric Nursing Test Bank, the correct answer is C) functional constipation. Functional constipation is the most likely cause of constipation in children. This is because functional constipation is a common issue in pediatric patients and is usually due to factors such as dietary habits, dehydration, lack of physical activity, or psychological issues. It is important to address these underlying causes to manage and prevent constipation in children effectively. Option A) hypothyroidism is less likely to be the cause of constipation in children unless there are specific signs and symptoms pointing towards thyroid dysfunction. Hirschsprung disease (Option B) is a congenital condition characterized by missing nerve cells in the colon, leading to severe constipation, but it is less common than functional constipation. Celiac disease (Option D) may cause digestive issues, but constipation is not a common symptom in children with celiac disease. In an educational context, understanding the common causes of constipation in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers working with children. By recognizing the most likely causes of constipation, healthcare professionals can implement appropriate interventions and provide holistic care to improve the health and well-being of pediatric patients. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal pediatric health outcomes.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In the case of children with high-risk neuroblastoma, the correct answer is "E) immunotherapy" as it has been shown to be an effective treatment approach. Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, improving survival rates in this population. Option A) surgery is often used to remove the primary tumor in neuroblastoma cases, making it a standard part of treatment. Option B) intensive chemotherapy is also commonly employed to target and kill cancer cells, particularly in aggressive cases like high-risk neuroblastoma. Option C) radiation therapy may be used to further target and eliminate cancer cells, especially in cases where surgery and chemotherapy are not sufficient. Option D) allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be considered in some cases to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy donor cells, but it is not a primary treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. Educationally, understanding the various treatment modalities for pediatric cancers like neuroblastoma is crucial for nurses caring for these patients. It allows them to provide comprehensive care, support treatment adherence, and educate families on what to expect during the treatment process. This knowledge empowers nurses to advocate for their patients and collaborate effectively with the healthcare team to optimize outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) liver. When examining an infant with cutaneous hemangiomas, the most common site of visceral involvement is the liver. This is due to the fact that hepatic hemangiomas are the most common type of liver tumor in infancy. The liver has a rich blood supply, making it a common site for hemangiomas to develop. Option A) brain is less common for visceral involvement by hemangiomas compared to the liver. Hemangiomas in the brain can be serious but are not as common as hepatic involvement. Option B) heart is not a common site for visceral involvement by hemangiomas in infants. While heart hemangiomas can occur, they are less frequent than liver involvement. Option C) lung is also less common for visceral involvement by hemangiomas. Pulmonary hemangiomas are rare and not as prevalent as hepatic hemangiomas in infants. Educationally, understanding the common sites of visceral involvement by hemangiomas is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the most common sites helps in early identification, appropriate monitoring, and timely intervention to ensure optimal patient outcomes. This knowledge enhances the nurse's ability to provide comprehensive care for infants with hemangiomas.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric oncology, understanding chromosomal abnormalities associated with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is crucial. The correct answer is A) t(9;22), also known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This abnormality involves a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This genetic alteration leads to a more aggressive disease course and is associated with a higher risk of relapse despite intensive chemotherapy. Option B) t(4;11) refers to the MLL gene rearrangement, which is associated with an intermediate risk of relapse in childhood ALL. While it is a poor prognostic indicator, it does not carry as high a risk of relapse as the Philadelphia chromosome. Option C) hypodiploidy, characterized by fewer than 44 chromosomes, is associated with a very high-risk subtype of childhood ALL. Children with hypodiploidy often have a poor response to therapy but do not specifically carry the highest risk of relapse compared to the Philadelphia chromosome. Option D) t(1;19) refers to the E2A-PBX1 fusion gene. This genetic abnormality is associated with a favorable prognosis in childhood ALL and is not linked to the highest risk of relapse compared to the Philadelphia chromosome. Educationally, understanding the significance of different chromosomal abnormalities in childhood ALL is essential for nurses caring for pediatric oncology patients. Recognizing these genetic markers can help healthcare providers tailor treatment plans, monitor for potential complications, and educate patients and families about the disease course and prognosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) age less than 10 years. Pediatric patients under the age of 10 years are more likely to have extraneural metastasis in primary brain tumors due to the higher rate of tumor dissemination in younger age groups. This is because younger patients have a more permeable blood-brain barrier, which allows for easier spread of tumor cells to other parts of the body. Option B) female gender is incorrect because gender is not a significant risk factor for extraneural metastasis in primary brain tumors. Tumor characteristics and age are more influential factors. Option C) ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion is not a direct risk factor for extraneural metastasis. While shunt insertion may be associated with certain complications, it is not a primary factor in tumor metastasis. Option D) supratentorial tumor is not the most likely risk factor for extraneural metastasis. Tumor location does play a role in the prognosis and treatment of brain tumors, but age is a more significant factor in predicting extraneural metastasis. In an educational context, understanding the risk factors for extraneural metastasis in pediatric brain tumors is crucial for nurses caring for these patients. Knowledge of these risk factors can guide nursing assessments, patient education, and treatment planning to provide comprehensive care and support for pediatric patients with brain tumors. Regular monitoring and early detection of metastasis risk factors can help improve patient outcomes and quality of life.