Of the following, the major risk factor for persistent asthma is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors for persistent asthma is crucial for providing effective care to children. The major risk factor for persistent asthma among the options provided is wheezing apart from colds (Option C). Wheezing apart from colds indicates ongoing airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, which are key features of persistent asthma. This symptom suggests a chronic underlying respiratory condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring. Eczema (Option A) and allergic rhinitis (Option B) are common comorbidities seen in children with asthma, but they are not considered major risk factors for persistent asthma. While they may exacerbate asthma symptoms, they do not necessarily predict the chronicity or severity of the condition. Food allergen sensitization (Option D) is more relevant to acute allergic reactions rather than the persistence of asthma symptoms. While food allergies can trigger asthma exacerbations in some individuals, they are not the primary risk factor for persistent asthma. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the key indicators of persistent asthma in children. By understanding the significance of wheezing apart from colds as a major risk factor, nurses can intervene early, initiate appropriate treatment, and collaborate with healthcare providers to manage asthma effectively in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding atopic dermatitis is crucial for providing effective care to children. The cardinal feature of atopic dermatitis is intense pruritus, making option D the correct answer. Pruritus, or itching, is a defining characteristic of atopic dermatitis and is often severe and distressing for patients. Option A, skin rash, is common in atopic dermatitis but is not the cardinal feature. Lichenification (option B) is a result of chronic scratching and rubbing due to pruritus. Fibrotic papules (option C) are not typically associated with atopic dermatitis. Educationally, knowing the cardinal feature of atopic dermatitis helps nurses differentiate it from other skin conditions. Recognizing intense pruritus can guide treatment decisions and interventions aimed at relieving itching to improve the quality of life for pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. This knowledge also contributes to accurate assessment and diagnosis in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding predictive factors for poor prognosis in atopic dermatitis is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, "late age at onset of atopic dermatitis (Option C)," indicates that an early onset of atopic dermatitis is actually associated with a poorer prognosis. This is because early onset often leads to more severe and persistent disease manifestations. Option A, "widespread atopic dermatitis in childhood," is incorrect as widespread distribution of atopic dermatitis can indicate a more severe form of the condition, leading to a poor prognosis. Option B, "filaggrin gene null mutations," is incorrect because mutations in the filaggrin gene are a well-known genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis, and individuals with these mutations are predisposed to developing the condition. This genetic component does not impact the prognosis directly. Option D, "family history of atopic dermatitis in parents or siblings," is incorrect as a family history of atopic dermatitis can increase the likelihood of developing the condition but does not necessarily predict a poor prognosis. In an educational context, nurses need to be aware of these predictive factors to assess and manage pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis effectively. Recognizing these factors can guide treatment decisions, support patient education efforts, and help in setting realistic expectations for both healthcare providers and families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) hymenoptera. Systemic allergic responses to insects, such as bees and wasps, are primarily caused by an IgE antibody response to their venom. Bees, wasps, and ants all belong to the hymenoptera order. When a person is stung by one of these insects, their body may produce IgE antibodies against specific components of the venom, leading to an allergic reaction upon subsequent exposure. Ticks (option A), spiders (option B), and scorpions (option D) do not typically cause systemic allergic responses mediated by IgE antibodies. Ticks can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, but their bites do not usually result in the same type of IgE-mediated allergic response seen with hymenoptera stings. Educationally, understanding the immune response to insect venom is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children who may experience allergic reactions. Recognizing the specific insects that commonly cause these reactions allows for prompt identification and treatment of symptoms. Nurses play a vital role in educating families about prevention strategies and emergency response protocols for children at risk of insect sting allergies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) allergic conjunctivitis. This is the most common hypersensitivity response of the eye because it is a type I immediate hypersensitivity reaction. In allergic conjunctivitis, exposure to allergens triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, leading to redness, itching, and swelling of the conjunctiva. Option B) vernal keratoconjunctivitis is less common and typically affects young males in warm climates. It is characterized by a chronic allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea, often with giant papillae. Option C) atopic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with atopic dermatitis and other allergic conditions. It presents with chronic conjunctivitis, corneal involvement, and a history of atopy. Option D) giant papillary conjunctivitis is more commonly associated with contact lens wear or ocular prostheses. It is characterized by the formation of large papillae on the upper tarsal conjunctiva due to a foreign body reaction. Understanding the different types of hypersensitivity responses of the eye is crucial for pediatric nurses to assess, diagnose, and provide appropriate care for children with eye conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of each condition helps in effective management and referral to ophthalmology specialists when needed.