Oedipal complex arises during the preschool based on the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual development. This means that the child is towards the parent of the opposite sex. Dingdong and Marian has a son Kenneth, who is now 4 years of age. Kenneth seems to be more affectionate to his mother. What is the best indicator that Kenneth has solved this conflict?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) He now mimics the gestures of his father. In the resolution of the Oedipal complex during the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual development, a child typically identifies with the same-sex parent to resolve feelings of competition and jealousy towards the opposite-sex parent. By mimicking the gestures of his father, Kenneth is demonstrating identification with the same-sex parent, indicating that he has resolved his Oedipal conflict. Option A) He now assumes the role of his father is incorrect because at this stage, the child is not assuming the actual role of the parent but rather identifying with them. Option B) He now assumes the role of his mother is incorrect as the resolution involves identification with the same-sex parent. Option D) He now mimics the gestures of his mother is incorrect for the same reason. In an educational context, understanding Freud's psychosexual stages can provide insights into children's behavior and development. Recognizing how children navigate these stages can help caregivers and educators support them effectively through various developmental challenges.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) ventricular septal defect, overriding the aorta, pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy. In Tetralogy of Fallot, these four defects are characteristic: a ventricular septal defect allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; overriding aorta causes blood from both ventricles to flow into the aorta; pulmonic stenosis restricts blood flow to the lungs; and right ventricular hypertrophy develops due to increased workload. Option A is incorrect as it describes defects associated with other conditions like aortic valve coarctation, pulmonic valve stenosis, and mitral valve stenosis not typically seen in Tetralogy of Fallot. Option C includes defects like tricuspid valve atresia, atrial septal defect, hypoplastic right ventricle, and PDA which are not part of Tetralogy of Fallot. Understanding these specific defects associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Knowing the pathophysiology helps in providing appropriate care, anticipating complications, and educating patients and families about the condition.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is not provided in the options listed. However, the most appropriate technique to facilitate lipreading with a hearing-impaired child is to ensure good lighting. Adequate lighting is crucial for the child to clearly see the speaker's facial expressions and lip movements. This helps in enhancing the child's ability to understand the spoken words through lipreading. Speaking words in a loud tone (Option A) may distort lip movements, making it harder for the child to understand. Standing at a distance from the child (Option B) can also hinder the child's ability to see the speaker's lip movements clearly. Keeping sentences short (Option C) can be beneficial, but it is not as critical as ensuring good lighting and clear visibility of facial expressions. Using facial expressions while speaking (Option D) is indeed important as it aids in conveying emotions and context, making lipreading more effective. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare providers to be well-versed in communication techniques for individuals with different needs, such as hearing impairment. Understanding the nuances of lipreading and providing appropriate support can significantly improve the quality of care for these individuals. By implementing strategies like ensuring good lighting and using appropriate facial expressions, healthcare professionals can effectively communicate with hearing-impaired children and support their overall well-being.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Alterations in ability to communicate. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction. Individuals with autism often have challenges with verbal and nonverbal communication, such as understanding and using gestures, maintaining conversations, and interpreting social cues. This core deficit sets autism apart from other developmental disorders. Option B) Behavioral changes are exhibited is incorrect because behavioral changes can be a manifestation of autism but are not a core deficit associated with the disorder. Behavior can vary widely among individuals with autism and is often a result of difficulties in communication and social interaction. Option C) Social interactions are affected is partially correct, as social deficits are a core feature of autism. However, the primary deficit is in communication, which encompasses both verbal and nonverbal aspects of social interaction. Option D) Child responds attentively when called by his/her name is incorrect because this behavior does not capture the comprehensive communication challenges faced by individuals with autism. While some children with autism may have specific responses to their names, this is not a defining feature of the disorder. Educationally, understanding the core deficits of autism is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, as they play a vital role in early identification and intervention for children with developmental disorders. By recognizing the communication challenges associated with autism, nurses can provide appropriate support and facilitate effective communication strategies for these individuals and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with cognitive impairment, the primary goal is to promote optimum development (Option A). This goal is essential as it focuses on enhancing the child's overall growth and reaching their full potential despite their cognitive challenges. By providing appropriate stimulation, support, and interventions tailored to the child's specific needs, healthcare providers can help them achieve the highest level of functioning possible. Option B, developing vocational skills, may not be the primary goal at this stage as the immediate focus should be on addressing the child's developmental needs. Vocational skills can be important later in life but promoting optimum development comes first. Encouraging play (Option C) is certainly beneficial for children with cognitive impairment as it supports their cognitive, social, and emotional development. However, it is not the primary goal; rather, it is a means to achieve the broader goal of promoting optimum development. Option D, helping families develop a care plan and ensuring its adherence, is important for overall care coordination. While involving families in care planning is crucial, the primary goal remains promoting the child's optimum development. In an educational context, understanding the primary goal of caring for children with cognitive impairment is fundamental for nurses and healthcare providers. It guides their interventions, treatment plans, and interactions with both the child and their family. By focusing on promoting optimum development, healthcare professionals can make a significant impact on the child's quality of life and future outcomes.