Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of all the following except

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing various health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and hypertension. However, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is not directly linked to obesity. COPD is primarily caused by exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoke. While obesity can impact lung function and worsen symptoms in individuals with COPD, it is not a direct cause of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is D, chronic obstructive lung disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). TSH plays a crucial role in regulating the function of the thyroid gland and maintaining overall thyroid hormone levels in the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased serum aldosterone level is typically associated with conditions such as Conn's syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism. These conditions lead to an excess of aldosterone, which results in increased sodium resorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. This imbalance can lead to hypertension (Choice A), hypernatraernia (elevated sodium level) (Choice B), and hypokalaemia (low potassium level) (Choice C). However, metabolic acidosis (Choice D) is not directly associated with increased aldosterone levels. Instead, metabolic acidosis may be seen in conditions like renal tubular acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Phaeochromocytoma may be associated with Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, Hyperparathyroidism, and Addison's disease as part of MEN Syndrome (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) Type 2. However, it is not typically associated with Neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is associated with the development of benign tumors of nerve tissue and is not directly linked to the presence of Phaeochromocytoma.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Diabetes Insipidus is a condition characterized by the body's inability to properly regulate water balance, leading to excessive urination and extreme thirst. This disorder is caused by a deficiency of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Vasopressin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland to help regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. The lack of vasopressin in Diabetes Insipidus results in the kidneys producing a large volume of dilute urine, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myxoedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism. The characteristic features of myxoedema include sinus bradycardia (choice B), solid oedema (choice C), and madarosis (choice D), which refers to loss of eyebrows and eyelashes. However, a butterfly rash is not a typical feature of myxoedema. A butterfly rash is commonly associated with conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus rather than myxoedema.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: C-21 hydroxylase deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect leading to the development of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone in the adrenal glands. When there is a deficiency in C-21 hydroxylase, the pathway is shifted towards the production of androgens instead of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to excess androgen production. This results in the characteristic features of CAH, such as ambiguous genitalia in females and virilization in both males and females. Other enzyme deficiencies listed in the choices can also lead to different types of CAH but are less common compared to C-21 hydroxylase deficiency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly is the condition characterized by the enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face due to the overproduction of growth hormone in adults. This excess growth hormone typically comes from a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, leading to the gradual enlargement of these body parts. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and is not directly related to bone enlargement. Gigantism is the condition of excessive growth in height due to overproduction of growth hormone occurring in children before the closure of growth plates. Myxedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism and is not directly associated with bone enlargement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Growth hormone is primarily released during sleep, particularly during the first few hours of deep sleep. This release is pulsatile in nature, with the majority occurring at night. Growth hormone plays a critical role in growth, repair, and development of body tissues during periods of rest and sleep. Additionally, the secretion of growth hormone is also influenced by factors such as stress, exercise, and nutritional status.