Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing various health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and hypertension. However, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is not directly linked to obesity. COPD is primarily caused by exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoke. While obesity can impact lung function and worsen symptoms in individuals with COPD, it is not a direct cause of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is D, chronic obstructive lung disease.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Iodine is an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce an adequate amount of thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism. Areas with low iodine levels in the soil or water are more prone to iodine deficiency, which can result in a range of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism. Efforts to prevent iodine deficiency include iodized salt programs and dietary interventions to ensure an adequate intake of iodine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The prolonged ingestion of iodine causing goiter is known as the Wolf-Chaikoff effect. This phenomenon occurs when high levels of iodine cause a temporary inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormone production. In some individuals, this can lead to the development of a goiter due to the lack of thyroid hormone feedback regulation. It is important to note that the Wolf-Chaikoff effect typically resolves on its own as the thyroid gland adapts to the increased iodine levels over time.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Excess prolactin typically causes gynecomastia in men. Prolactin is a hormone primarily responsible for milk production in women. However, in men, elevated levels of prolactin can lead to various symptoms, with gynecomastia being one of the most common. Gynecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males, which can result in swelling and tenderness of the breasts. It is important to investigate the underlying cause of elevated prolactin levels as it could be due to various conditions such as pituitary tumors, certain medications, or thyroid disorders.

Correct Answer:

Rationale: Oxytocin and Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), are the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland. These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then transported and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they are released into the bloodstream when needed. Oxytocin plays a role in uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation, while Vasopressin regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine production and conserve water. The other hormones listed, such as Prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, and LH, are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.