Nystagmus can be a presenting sign in:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the presenting signs of various disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this case, the correct answer is D) Medulloblastoma. Nystagmus is an involuntary eye movement that can be a presenting sign of medulloblastoma, a type of malignant brain tumor commonly found in children. This nystagmus is typically horizontal and can be indicative of increased intracranial pressure due to the location of the tumor affecting the cerebellum. Option A) Partial albinism is incorrect because nystagmus is not typically associated with this condition. Nystagmus in albinism is more commonly related to abnormal development of the visual pathways. Option B) Retinopathy of prematurity is also incorrect as nystagmus is not a typical presenting sign of this condition. Retinopathy of prematurity is a disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels in premature infants. Option C) Acute vestibulitis is incorrect as well, as nystagmus in this condition is usually associated with vertigo and balance issues related to inflammation of the vestibular nerve, not as a presenting sign of nystagmus. Understanding the specific presenting signs and symptoms of pediatric cardiovascular disorders is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals to provide timely and appropriate care to pediatric patients. Recognizing nystagmus as a potential sign of medulloblastoma can lead to early detection and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric pharmacology and nursing, understanding childhood autism is crucial for providing holistic care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, option A) "Is commoner in boys," is supported by epidemiological data which consistently show a higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in boys compared to girls. This gender difference in prevalence is an important factor to consider in early detection and intervention strategies. Option B) "Is characterised by extreme delay of social milestones" is not specific to autism alone as other developmental disorders may also present with delays in social milestones. Autism spectrum disorders encompass a wide range of symptoms beyond social delays. Option C) "Repetitive tasks are commonly performed" is a characteristic feature of autism spectrum disorders, however, it is not unique to autism and can be seen in other conditions as well. Option D) "Is characterised by extremely chaotic routines" is not a defining feature of autism. While some individuals with autism may have rigid routines, this is not a universal trait and may not be present in all cases. Educationally, understanding the nuances of childhood autism helps nurses and healthcare professionals in recognizing early signs, providing appropriate support, and collaborating effectively with interdisciplinary teams for comprehensive care. By differentiating the key features of autism from other developmental conditions, healthcare providers can tailor interventions to meet the specific needs of each child.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In childhood asthma, the correct answer is D) Spontaneous cure occurs before adolescence. This is because pediatric asthma often improves or resolves as children grow older due to various factors such as changes in airway structure, immune system development, and environmental exposures. Children may outgrow asthma symptoms, especially if they have mild or moderate forms of the condition. Option A is incorrect because while exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in asthma, not all patients experience it, and the percentage is not as high as stated. Option B is incorrect as hypercapnia (elevated carbon dioxide levels) typically occurs in severe asthma exacerbations but is not the first physiological disturbance in status asthmaticus. Option C is incorrect because infants can respond to bronchodilators, though care must be taken with dosages and administration methods. It is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with asthma to understand these nuances to provide appropriate and effective care. Understanding the natural course of childhood asthma is essential for nurses to educate families on prognosis, management strategies, and the importance of regular follow-ups with healthcare providers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial for assessing the normal growth and development of infants. Option A, "Babies are able to respond to sounds in utero," is correct as fetal auditory development begins around the 20th week of gestation. This early auditory response is vital for bonding, language development, and emotional regulation after birth. Option B, "Full term babies at birth are unable to follow a large object with their eyes," is incorrect. Newborns are capable of tracking and following large and slow-moving objects within their limited visual range shortly after birth. This ability is essential for visual stimulation and cognitive development. Option C, "A 6-week-old infant would be able to follow a large object through an arc of 135°," is incorrect. At 6 weeks, infants are still developing their visual tracking skills and may not yet have the full range of motion to follow an object through such a wide arc. Visual tracking abilities improve gradually over the first few months of life. Option D, "Growth velocity of head decreases with age," is incorrect as the growth velocity of the head actually decreases more rapidly in the first few years of life compared to later childhood. This is due to the rapid brain development that occurs in infancy, with the head size reaching about 90% of its adult size by age 6. Understanding these developmental milestones is essential in pediatric nursing as it helps nurses assess a child's growth and development, identify any potential delays or abnormalities, and provide appropriate care and interventions. It is crucial to have a strong foundation in pediatric pharmacology to ensure safe and effective care for children with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, the correct answer is C) Build a tower of five blocks for a 2-year-old child. This is because at the age of 2, children should be able to engage in activities that promote their fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination, which are important for their overall development. Building a tower of blocks helps in developing these skills, which are crucial for their cognitive and physical growth. Option A) Name three colors correctly may not be developmentally appropriate for a 2-year-old child as language development at this age usually involves basic vocabulary and simple sentences. While some children may be able to name colors, it is not a universal expectation at this age. Option B) Use plurals involves more advanced language skills that typically develop later in childhood. At the age of 2, children are still developing their language abilities and may not yet have mastered plurals. Option D) Kick a ball on request requires coordination and gross motor skills that may be challenging for a 2-year-old child. While some children may be able to kick a ball at this age, it is not a common expectation for all children due to the variability in their motor development. In an educational context, understanding the developmental milestones of children is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. By recognizing age-appropriate activities and skills, nurses can better assess a child's growth and development, identify any potential delays or concerns, and provide appropriate support and interventions when needed. The rationale for selecting the correct answer emphasizes the importance of promoting activities that support a child's overall development in the context of pediatric nursing care.