Nursing care of children focuses on improving quality by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because nursing care for children should encompass a holistic approach that considers not only physical health but also emotional, social, and developmental aspects. Providing a holistic environment promotes optimal growth and development by addressing all these dimensions. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because while sanitation, curing illnesses, and addressing communicable diseases are important aspects of child healthcare, they do not encompass the comprehensive care provided by a holistic approach.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Teratogens are substances that can cause congenital abnormalities, especially during the first trimester when organogenesis occurs. Choice A, Teratogens, is the correct answer as it specifically refers to substances that cause physical defects in the developing embryo. Choices B, Heterozygous, C, Inborn errors, and D, Multifactorial, are incorrect as they do not directly relate to substances that cause physical defects in embryos during organogenesis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Dramatic play. Dramatic play involves children acting out experiences to better understand them and reduce fear. In this scenario, by giving the teddy bear a 'shot' first, the nurse is engaging in dramatic play to help the child comprehend and feel more comfortable with the upcoming injection.\n A: Critical play involves critical thinking and problem-solving, not acting out scenarios.\n B: Role play typically involves pretending to be someone else, not necessarily acting out a specific experience.\n C: Diversionary activity aims to distract or redirect attention, which is different from the purpose of dramatic play in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale is commonly used to assess pain in infants and young children who are unable to verbally communicate their pain. This scale is particularly useful in assessing post-operative pain in infants as it evaluates different behaviors and physiological responses to pain. The Oucher scale is more commonly used with children who are older and can provide self-report of pain intensity. Wong-Baker FACES scale is primarily used with children who are older and can indicate their pain level by pointing to facial expressions. The 0-10 pain scale is typically used with older children and adults who can rate their pain on a numerical scale.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding normal growth and development milestones is crucial for assessing a child's health and response to medications. The correct answer is A) 1 year. By the age of 1 year, birth weight typically triples in most infants. This rapid growth and weight gain during the first year of life are essential for overall development and to establish a healthy baseline for future growth. Option B) 1 month is incorrect because an infant's birth weight does not triple by this early age. Infants experience significant growth spurts during the first few months of life, but tripling of birth weight occurs over a more extended period. Option C) 2 years is incorrect because by this age, most children have well surpassed tripling their birth weight. By age 2, children have usually transitioned to a slower growth rate compared to infancy. Option D) 6 months is incorrect as well because although infants experience rapid growth and weight gain in the first 6 months, it is typically not enough to triple their birth weight by this age. Understanding growth patterns in children is essential for nurses to monitor and assess pediatric patients effectively. It helps in identifying growth abnormalities, nutritional needs, and potential health issues. By knowing when birth weight typically triples, nurses can provide appropriate care and education to support healthy growth and development in children.