Nurse Oliver s teaching a mother who plans to discontinue breast-feeding after 5 months. The nurse should advise her to include which foods in her infant’s diet?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Iron-rich formula and baby food. The rationale behind this is that after 5 months, breast milk alone may not provide sufficient iron for the infant's growth and development. Iron-rich formula can help meet the baby's iron needs as they transition from breast milk. Baby food is also important at this stage to introduce new textures and flavors to the infant's diet as they start weaning off breast milk. Option B) Whole milk is not recommended for infants under 1 year of age as it can be difficult for their digestive system to handle. Option C) Skim milk is also not appropriate for infants as it lacks essential fats and nutrients necessary for their growth. Option D) Iron-rich formula only would not provide the variety of nutrients and textures needed for the baby's development at this stage. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand the nutritional needs of infants at different stages of development. By providing accurate and evidence-based information to mothers, nurses can support them in making informed decisions about their child's diet and ensure optimal growth and development. This question highlights the importance of appropriate feeding practices during the weaning period for infants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: In a child with coarctation of the aorta, there is a narrowing of the aorta, typically near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. This narrowing leads to increased pressure proximal to the defect and decreased pressure distal to the defect. When measuring blood pressure on all four extremities, the nurse would expect to find a significant difference in blood pressure readings between the upper extremities (arms) and the lower extremities (legs). Correct Answer (D): Blood pressure lower in the legs than in the arms. This is because the narrowing of the aorta in coarctation of the aorta leads to decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, resulting in lower blood pressure readings in the legs compared to the arms. Incorrect Answer Choices: A) Blood pressure higher on the right side: This is incorrect as coarctation of the aorta does not specifically affect one side of the body over the other. B) Blood pressure higher on the left side: Similar to option A, coarctation of the aorta does not lead to unilateral differences in blood pressure. C) Blood pressure lower in the arms than in the legs: This is incorrect as coarctation of the aorta causes higher blood pressure in the arms due to the increased pressure proximal to the defect. Educational Context: Understanding the pathophysiology of coarctation of the aorta is crucial in recognizing the clinical manifestations associated with this condition. By assessing blood pressure differentials between the upper and lower extremities, healthcare providers can suspect coarctation of the aorta and initiate appropriate diagnostic and treatment interventions promptly. This knowledge is vital for nurses working in pediatric settings to provide safe and effective care for children with cardiovascular conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, option B, "He tires out during feedings," is the correct choice that would alert the nurse about the presence of a congenital heart defect in a 1-month-old infant. Infants with congenital heart defects may display symptoms such as fatigue during feeding due to the increased effort required by the heart to pump blood effectively. This can lead to poor feeding, inadequate weight gain, and failure to thrive. Option A, "He is always hungry," is incorrect as it is a common behavior in infants and does not specifically indicate a heart defect. Option C, "He is fussy for several hours every day," could be due to various reasons such as colic or general infant fussiness and does not directly point to a heart condition. Option D, "He sleeps all the time," is also non-specific and could be a normal pattern for a newborn. Educationally, understanding the signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects in infants is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers working in pediatric settings. Early recognition and intervention can significantly impact the outcomes for these infants. It is essential to educate parents on what to observe and report to healthcare providers to ensure timely diagnosis and management of congenital heart defects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In caring for a child with acute glomerulonephritis, an increased urine output with normal color and consistency would most likely indicate improvement because it suggests that the kidneys are functioning better and able to filter waste products effectively. This is a positive sign as it indicates improved kidney function and clearance of toxins from the body. Option B, a decrease in blood pressure, is not necessarily an indicator of improvement in acute glomerulonephritis as it could be due to other factors such as fluid restriction or medications. Option C, a reduction in protein levels in the urine, is also not the most reliable indicator of improvement as proteinuria can persist even after the condition starts to improve. Option D, a decrease in hematuria, is a positive sign but not as indicative of improvement as increased urine output. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses to understand the various indicators of improvement in pediatric patients with acute glomerulonephritis to provide effective care and monitor the child's progress accurately. Recognizing the significance of increased urine output in color and consistency can guide nursing interventions and help in assessing the child's response to treatment accurately.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a 2-year-old child being treated for lead poisoning, the correct answer is B) Decreased hemoglobin levels indicating the need for further intervention. Lead poisoning can lead to anemia by inhibiting the body's ability to produce hemoglobin. Monitoring hemoglobin levels is crucial in children with lead poisoning to assess the severity of anemia and the effectiveness of treatment. Option A) Increased urine output is not typically a concerning finding in the context of lead poisoning. It may actually be a positive sign as increased urine output can help in excreting lead from the body. Option C) Weight gain is also not a common indicator of the need for further intervention in lead poisoning. In fact, weight loss or failure to thrive may be more indicative of lead poisoning complications. Option D) Improved developmental milestones would generally be seen as a positive outcome of treatment for lead poisoning rather than a reason for further intervention. Monitoring developmental milestones is important in assessing the overall progress of the child's treatment. Educationally, understanding the potential complications of lead poisoning in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. Recognizing the signs and symptoms that require further intervention is vital for providing effective care and ensuring positive outcomes for children affected by lead poisoning. Regular monitoring of hemoglobin levels, along with other relevant parameters, is essential in managing lead poisoning in pediatric patients.