Nurse Nanie is aware that history taking and physical exam are critical to the diagnostic process and often provide more information than can be gained broad testing strategies. History taking includes the by following, EXCEPT _______

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Religious Affiliation is not typically included in the history taking process for diagnosing medical conditions. While a patient's religious beliefs may sometimes be relevant in certain situations, it is not a standard component of medical history. History taking usually includes aspects such as the history of present illness, social and family history, and past medical history as these can provide important information related to the patient's health condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation described with sudden-onset, painless vision loss, a cherry-red spot at the macula, and attenuated retinal vessels is classic for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). CRAO occurs when the central retinal artery, which supplies blood to the inner retinal layers, becomes occluded. The cherry-red spot is due to the exposure of the underlying choroid, which still appears red as it is not affected by the blockage. Attenuated retinal vessels and a pale retina may also be seen due to ischemia. In contrast, central retinal vein occlusion (choice B) presents with sudden painless vision loss, retinal hemorrhages, dilated retinal veins, and cotton-wool spots. Retinal detachment (choice C) typically presents with flashes, floaters, and a curtain-like shadow across the vision. Acute angle-closure glaucoma (

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When handling information about families in the community, the nurse should consider the principle of confidentiality as ethical. Confidentiality refers to the obligation of healthcare providers to safeguard the privacy of patient information. By maintaining confidentiality, the nurse upholds trust and respect in the nurse-family relationship. This principle ensures that sensitive information shared by families is kept secure and not disclosed without permission, thus respecting their autonomy and promoting open communication in healthcare settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The theory that categorizes professionals as Novice to experts is by Patricia Benner. Patricia Benner developed the Novice to Expert model, which describes how individuals progress through five levels of proficiency in a skill or field. The five levels are Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert. Benner's model is widely used in nursing education and research to understand how nurses develop their clinical skills and expertise over time.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dupuytren's contracture is a condition characterized by the thickening and tightening of the tissue beneath the skin of the hand, leading to the fingers being pulled into a bent position. One of the common complications associated with Dupuytren's contracture is the development of a Swan-neck deformity. This deformity is characterized by hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint. It is important to recognize and address complications like Swan-neck deformity in individuals with Dupuytren's contracture to prevent further functional impairment and disability.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The purpose of a tracheostomy is to establish an artificial airway in the trachea through a surgical procedure. This is done to bypass obstructions in the upper airway, assist with breathing, or facilitate the removal of secretions from the lungs. A tracheostomy helps in maintaining a clear and secure airway for patients who have difficulty breathing or require long-term mechanical ventilation support.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nurse Nilda immediately responds to any cry from her pediatric patients to attend to her patients who cannot communicate verbally. Crying is one of the few ways infants and young children communicate their needs and discomforts. By responding promptly to their cries, Nurse Nilda can assess and address potential issues such as hunger, pain, discomfort, or other needs that the child may have. This enhances the quality of care provided and helps in comforting and soothing the child, ultimately promoting their well-being and building trust between the nurse and the patient.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cromolyn sodium (nasal crom) is a mast cell stabilizer that is commonly used to prevent symptoms of allergic rhinitis, such as sneezing, itching, and congestion. It works best when used before exposure to allergens. The most effective administration schedule for nasal crom is to start using it just after allergy symptoms begin, with a dose of twice-a-day. This helps to prevent the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances from mast cells, thereby reducing allergic symptoms. Using nasal crom in this way can help provide relief and improve the overall management of allergic rhinitis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sonography, also known as ultrasound, is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of structures inside the body. In the context of a patient who is pregnant, sonography is commonly used to assess the well-being of the fetus. It allows healthcare providers to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, evaluate the placenta, amniotic fluid levels, and detect any abnormalities that may be present.