Nurse Michelle is caring for an elderly female with osteoporosis. When teaching the client, the nurse should include information about which major complication:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bone fracture. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, making the individual more susceptible to fractures. Teaching the client about this major complication is crucial for prevention and management. Fractures are a significant concern due to the increased risk of falls and fragility of the bones. Loss of estrogen (choice B) is a contributing factor to osteoporosis but not a major complication. Negative calcium balance (choice C) is a consequence of osteoporosis but not the primary major complication. Dowager's hump (choice D) is a visible sign of advanced osteoporosis but not the major complication. Overall, educating the client about bone fractures is essential for their understanding and proactive measures to prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To determine the extent of lesions. A chest X-ray is done to evaluate the presence and extent of lesions in the lungs, which helps in assessing the severity of tuberculosis infection. This is important for determining the appropriate treatment plan and monitoring the progression of the disease. Incorrect answers: A: To confirm the diagnosis - Chest X-ray alone cannot confirm the diagnosis of tuberculosis, as other tests such as sputum culture or PCR are needed. B: To determine if a repeat skin test is needed - Chest X-ray is not used to determine the need for a repeat skin test, as the decision for repeat testing is based on clinical judgment and guidelines. D: To determine if this is a primary or secondary infection - Chest X-ray may provide some information, but the distinction between primary and secondary infection is usually based on clinical history and other diagnostic tests.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cocaine. Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug that can cause symptoms such as substernal chest pain, palpitations, and sinus tachycardia. Given the client's presentation of chest pain and racing heart, along with the absence of cardiac history, cocaine use should be considered and questioned. Barbiturates (A), opioids (B), and benzodiazepines (D) are less likely to cause sinus tachycardia and substernal chest pain compared to cocaine. It is important to focus on cocaine as a potential cause in this scenario due to its known cardiovascular effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sigmoidoscopy. This diagnostic study is used to visualize the lower part of the colon and rectum, allowing for direct visualization of any abnormal growths or masses. It is an essential tool for diagnosing colorectal cancer as it can detect polyps or tumors. Stool Hematest (A) is used to detect blood in the stool but does not confirm the diagnosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (B) is a tumor marker that can be elevated in colorectal cancer but is not diagnostic by itself. Abdominal CT scan (D) can provide detailed images of the abdomen but is not as specific for diagnosing colorectal cancer as sigmoidoscopy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It appears on the distal interphalangeal joint. Heberden's nodes are bony enlargements that occur at the distal interphalangeal joints, which are the joints closest to the fingertips. The nodes are a common sign of osteoarthritis in the fingers. They do not appear only in men (choice A), they do not appear on the proximal interphalangeal joint (choice C), and they do not appear on the dorsolateral aspect of the interphalangeal joint (choice D). The key to identifying Heberden's nodes is their location at the distal interphalangeal joint.