Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Negligence refers to the failure to act or perform duties according to the standard of care expected from a reasonable person in similar circumstances. In this case, Nurse Lina administering a penicillin injection that was ordered for another patient is a clear instance of negligence. It involves a breach of duty by not verifying the correct patient and medication before administration. While malpractice can also encompass negligence, it typically involves a broader scope of professional misconduct or harm caused by a healthcare provider. Assault and battery involve intentional harmful acts, which are not applicable in this situation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Immunological memory is primarily maintained by the clonal expansion of memory B cells. Memory B cells are a type of long-lived immune cell that originates from previously activated B cells during an immune response to a pathogen. When the immune system encounters the same pathogen again, memory B cells can quickly recognize and respond to it by undergoing rapid clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies. This quick and robust response leads to the more efficient elimination of the pathogen during secondary exposure, resulting in the faster and stronger immune response characteristic of immunological memory.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bulimia nervosa is best defined as a pathological disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives. It is categorized as an eating disorder rather than a phobic disorder as it involves behaviors related to food consumption and body image, not just fears or phobias. Bulimia is not solely associated with starving oneself, as individuals with bulimia tend to consume large amounts of food during binge episodes. Therefore, the most accurate definition of bulimia is a pathological disorder of binging and vomiting.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A retrospective audit involves reviewing past cases or data to evaluate processes, outcomes, or compliance with standards. In this scenario, the nursing team plans to audit post-op patients who developed pressure sores over the past year at the Orthopedic unit. By looking at historical data from the past year, the audit is considered retrospective as it assesses what has occurred over a specified period. This type of audit helps identify trends, patterns, and areas for improvement based on past events.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Establishing a regular routine can be very helpful in stabilizing the mental state of parents. Consistency and structure in day-to-day activities can provide a sense of predictability and control, which can help reduce anxiety and stress. By having a routine, the parents can feel more organized, efficient, and better equipped to manage their responsibilities and emotions. Additionally, a regular routine can promote better sleep patterns, healthier habits, and overall well-being. This measure is practical, achievable, and can have positive effects on the mental stability of Nurse Lailanie's parents.