Nurse Kevin is assessing a newborn for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH); he would expect to assess which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition where the hip joint does not properly form in babies and young children. To assess for DDH, healthcare professionals like Nurse Kevin utilize the Ortolani test. Ortolani's sign is a physical exam maneuver where the healthcare provider will gently manipulate the baby's hips to detect if there is a dislocated hip joint. Specifically, the Ortolani maneuver checks for the presence of a "clunk" as the femoral head relocates into the acetabulum, indicating that the hip joint is dislocated. Therefore, during the assessment of a newborn for DDH, Nurse Kevin would expect to assess for Ortolani's sign as it helps in the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Beta-adrenergic agonists like albuterol primarily work by relaxing and dilating the bronchioles, which are the smaller airways in the lungs. This leads to quick relief of asthma symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. By opening up the airways, these medications help improve airflow and make it easier for the individual to breathe. Beta-adrenergic agonists do not directly reduce airway inflammation, but they do provide immediate relief during an asthma attack by targeting bronchoconstriction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Microcytic, hypochromic anemia is characterized by small red blood cells with decreased hemoglobin content. Iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia are the two main types of anemia that present with these characteristics. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which is essential for the production of hemoglobin. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that results in decreased production of normal hemoglobin. Both conditions lead to small, pale red blood cells, fitting the description of microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Other choices such as Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (choice A), folic acid deficiency anemia (choice B), sickle cell anemia (choice D), and anemia of chronic disease (choice D) typically present as normocytic or macrocytic anemias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct action to prevent rheumatic fever is to refer children with sore throats for throat cultures (Choice C). Rheumatic fever is caused by an abnormal immune response to a bacterial infection with group A Streptococcus. By promptly diagnosing and treating streptococcal infections with antibiotics, the risk of developing rheumatic fever can be minimized. Conducting throat cultures for children with sore throats helps identify streptococcal infections and allows for appropriate antibiotic treatment, thereby preventing the progression to rheumatic fever. Encouraging routine hypertensive screenings (Choice A) and conducting routine occult blood screenings (Choice B) are not directly related to the prevention of rheumatic fever. Recommending salicylates instead for minor discomforts (Choice D) is contraindicated in cases of suspected or confirmed streptococcal infections due to the risk of worsening symptoms and potentially triggering rheumatic fever.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In developmental hip dysplasia (DDH), one knee appearing lower than the other when both legs are flexed indicates a possible dislocated hip joint or hip dysplasia. This finding is known as the Galeazzi sign and is often used as a clinical indicator for DDH in newborn infants. It suggests a discrepancy in leg lengths due to hip instability or malformation. Therefore, this sign is important in helping to diagnose DDH and initiating appropriate interventions early on.