Nurse Edna thinks that the patient is somewhat like his father. She then identifies positive feeling for the patient that affects the objectivity of her nursing care. This emotional reaction is called:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Transference. Transference occurs when a nurse unconsciously transfers feelings about someone from their past (like Nurse Edna's father) onto a patient. This can lead to biased perceptions and influence the nurse's ability to provide objective care. Option B) Counter Transference refers to when the nurse projects their own feelings onto the patient, which is the opposite of what is happening in this case. Option C) Reaction formation involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings, which is not applicable here. Option D) Sympathy is a genuine feeling of compassion towards a patient and is not related to the unconscious transfer of emotions seen in transference. Understanding transference is crucial in nursing practice as it can impact the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient. It is important for nurses to recognize and address these emotions to ensure they deliver unbiased and effective care to all patients. By acknowledging and managing transference, nurses can maintain professionalism and provide quality patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the acute manic phase of bipolar disorder, clients often exhibit behaviors that put them at a high risk for self-harm. Therefore, an appropriate nursing diagnosis for these clients would be "Risk for injury directed to self" (Option A). This is the correct answer because individuals experiencing acute mania may engage in impulsive and risky behaviors that can lead to self-injury. Option B, "Risk for injury directed to others," is incorrect in this context because individuals in the manic phase are more likely to harm themselves rather than others. It is essential for nurses to prioritize the safety of the client first. Option C, "Impaired nutrition less than body requirements," may be a concern for individuals with bipolar disorder, but it is not the most immediate or critical nursing diagnosis during the acute manic phase when the focus should be on preventing self-harm. Option D, "Ineffective individual coping," is also not the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for clients in the acute manic phase as the primary concern is ensuring the safety and preventing harm to the individual. Educationally, understanding the appropriate nursing diagnosis for clients in different phases of bipolar disorder is crucial for providing effective care. By prioritizing the identification of risks and developing appropriate care plans, nurses can better support individuals experiencing acute manic episodes and promote their overall well-being and safety.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Intimacy vs. Isolation. This question is related to Erikson's psychosocial development theory. At age 55, individuals are typically in the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation. This stage focuses on forming close, meaningful relationships with others or experiencing feelings of isolation and loneliness. Option A) Industry vs. Inferiority is more relevant to the school-age years, where children develop a sense of competence and mastery. Option C) Integrity vs. Despair is typically associated with late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their lives and experiences, either feeling a sense of fulfillment and wisdom or regret and despair. Option D) Generativity vs. Stagnation is more characteristic of middle adulthood, where individuals are focused on contributing to society and the next generation or feeling stagnant and unproductive. Understanding the psychosocial tasks at different stages of life is crucial in pharmacology as it can influence a person's overall well-being, including their health behaviors and medication adherence. By recognizing these stages, healthcare professionals can better understand their clients' needs and provide more tailored care and support.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that demonstrates inhibitory action by helping to control mood and sleep, as well as inhibiting pain pathways. Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in the body's fight-or-flight response, regulating arousal, focus, and attention. It is involved in mood regulation and stress response. By inhibiting pain pathways, norepinephrine can help reduce the perception of pain. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: A) Serotonin: While serotonin is involved in mood regulation and sleep, it is mainly associated with mood stabilization and emotional well-being, rather than inhibitory action on pain pathways. B) Enkephalin: Enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide that plays a role in pain modulation by inhibiting pain signals in the central nervous system. However, it is not primarily known for its role in mood and sleep regulation. D) Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that has excitatory functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in muscle contractions, cognitive functions, and autonomic nervous system regulation, but it is not typically associated with inhibitory actions on pain pathways or mood control. In an educational context, understanding the functions of different neurotransmitters is essential in pharmacology as it helps in comprehending how various drugs interact with the nervous system to produce desired effects. Knowledge of neurotransmitter actions is crucial for pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals when managing patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C, "I'll sit with you for a moment," is the most therapeutic response by the nurse. This response demonstrates empathy, active listening, and a willingness to provide support without being pushy. By offering to sit with the patient, the nurse shows understanding and a non-judgmental attitude, which can help the patient feel heard and supported. Option A, "I'll be back in an hour," may leave the patient feeling abandoned or uncared for, lacking immediate support during a vulnerable moment. Option B, "Why are you so depressed?" could come across as confrontational or dismissive of the patient's feelings, potentially leading to defensiveness or shutdown. Option D, "Call me when you feel like talking to me," puts the onus on the patient to reach out, which may not be feasible for someone struggling with depression. It's essential for nurses to offer support proactively and be present for patients in distress, as shown in the correct response (C). Educationally, this question highlights the importance of therapeutic communication in nursing practice, especially when dealing with patients experiencing mental health issues. Nurses need to develop skills in active listening, empathy, and providing emotional support to effectively care for patients' holistic well-being.