Nurse DMLM is correct in identifying the correct sequence of events during abdominal assessment if she identifies which of the following?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct sequence for abdominal assessment is Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation. Start with Inspection to observe any visible abnormalities, followed by Auscultation to listen for bowel sounds, then Percussion to assess the density of underlying structures, and finally Palpation to feel for any tenderness or masses. Choices A, B, and C have the incorrect sequence of assessment techniques.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of caring for geriatric patients, the highest priority when assessing a patient using the nursing process is the nutritional status of the elderly client (Option C). This is essential because nutrition plays a critical role in the health and well-being of older adults. Malnutrition or inadequate nutritional intake can lead to a host of complications such as weakened immune system, delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, and increased risk of falls and fractures. Assessing the nutritional status allows the nurse to identify any deficiencies or issues that may be impacting the patient's overall health. By addressing these nutritional needs promptly, the nurse can help prevent further complications and promote optimal health outcomes in the elderly patient. Regarding why the other options are not the highest priority: - Option A, the patient's own feelings about his illness, is important for holistic care but may not pose an immediate threat to the patient's health compared to nutritional deficiencies. - Option B, safety of the client, especially those at risk of falls, is crucial, but addressing nutritional needs takes precedence as it can impact the overall health and well-being of the patient in a more direct manner. - Option D, physiological needs that are life-threatening, would obviously take top priority; however, in this scenario, the question focuses on assessing geriatric patients where nutritional status is a common concern and can significantly impact their health outcomes. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of prioritizing nursing assessments based on the specific needs of the patient population being cared for. Understanding the unique vulnerabilities of geriatric patients and the impact of nutrition on their health is crucial for providing effective and individualized care in this setting.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct principle being applied by the healthcare team is justice. Justice in healthcare ethics refers to the fair and equal distribution of resources and benefits among individuals. In this case, the decision to prioritize the mother's survival over the fetus is based on the principle of justice as it aims to ensure fairness and equity in the allocation of limited resources (blood loss in this case). Option A, beneficence, focuses on doing good for the patient, which may include actions to benefit both the mother and the fetus. However, in this specific scenario, the critical factor is the limited resources and the need to prioritize one life over the other. Option B, non-malfeasance, pertains to the duty to do no harm. While it is essential in healthcare ethics, in this case, harm has already occurred due to the mother's critical condition and the need to make a decision based on available resources. Option D, double effect, involves situations where an action has both a positive and negative effect. However, in this case, the primary consideration is the principle of justice in resource allocation rather than the double effect of an action. Educationally, understanding and applying ethical principles like justice in healthcare decision-making is crucial for healthcare professionals to navigate complex situations ethically and professionally while considering the well-being of all involved parties.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Self-determination. The teacher violated the students' right to self-determination by not disclosing the true purpose of the data collection, thus depriving them of the autonomy to make informed decisions about participating in the research. Option A) Not be harmed is incorrect because the violation does not directly relate to physical harm. Option B) Disclosure is not the primary issue; the problem is not about disclosing information but rather about providing accurate information. Option C) Privacy is also not the main concern here as the violation is more about the students' right to make their own choices. From an educational perspective, understanding the importance of self-determination in research ethics is crucial for students in pharmacology. Researchers must respect participants' autonomy and provide all necessary information for them to make voluntary and informed decisions. This case highlights the significance of ethical conduct in research involving human subjects and the consequences of failing to uphold principles such as self-determination.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Pap smear starting at the age of 18 or earlier if sexually active. This is the most appropriate screening technique for Breast Cancer in developing countries like the Philippines because it focuses on detecting abnormalities in cervical cells, which can provide early indications of potential breast cancer or other gynecological issues. Pap smears are cost-effective and readily available, making them suitable for resource-limited settings. Option A, mammography once a year starting at the age of 50, is not the most suitable technique for developing countries due to limited access to mammography facilities and the higher cost associated with this method. Clinical BSE once a year (Option B) is less effective than Pap smears for early detection of breast cancer. BSE once a month (Option C) is not recommended as a standalone screening method as it can lead to unnecessary anxiety and false positives. In an educational context, it is crucial to understand the importance of selecting appropriate screening techniques based on the resources available and the population's needs. Teaching healthcare providers in developing countries about cost-effective and evidence-based screening methods can improve early detection rates and overall health outcomes in their communities.