Nurse Analiza is administering a medication via the intraosseous route to a child. Intraosseous drug administration is typically used when a child is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intraosseous drug administration is typically reserved for pediatric patients who are critically ill and under the age of 3. This route is chosen when intravenous access cannot be readily established or when the patient is in urgent need of medication administration. Young children have easily accessible bone marrow spaces, making intraosseous administration a quick and effective means of delivering medications in emergency situations. Older children tend to have more developed vasculature, making it easier to establish intravenous access in those cases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The best explanation of emphysema for a newly diagnosed patient is that "Your lungs have lost some of their elasticity, and air gets trapped." This explanation succinctly captures the key characteristic of emphysema, which is the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs leading to the loss of elasticity. When the alveoli lose their elasticity, they are not able to effectively expel air during exhalation, causing air to become trapped in the lungs. This trapped air leads to difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and other respiratory symptoms commonly associated with emphysema. This explanation is clear and focuses on the primary pathology of emphysema, making it the most appropriate choice for a newly diagnosed patient to understand their condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The statement "Diabetes mellitus is three times more common in Hispanics than in Blacks or Whites" is accurate and supported by data. Studies have shown that diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is more prevalent among Hispanic populations compared to Black or White populations. Factors such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic status can contribute to this disparity. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these trends to provide appropriate and culturally sensitive care to individuals at higher risk for diabetes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypernatremia is defined as an elevated serum sodium level above 145mEq/L. In this case, a serum sodium level of 150mEq/L indicates hypernatremia. The other options, serum osmolality of 245mOsm/kg and urine specific gravity below 1.003, are not specific criteria for the diagnosis of hypernatremia. The primary marker used for diagnosing hypernatremia is an elevated serum sodium level.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse's best response to the parent of a 2-week-old infant, exclusively breastfed, regarding the need for fluoride supplements is that they are not needed if the infant is already drinking fluoridated water. Fluoride supplements are typically recommended for infants who are not receiving enough fluoride through their water source. Breast milk itself does not contain a significant amount of fluoride, but if the family's water supply is fluoridated, the infant will likely receive an adequate amount of fluoride without the need for supplements. It is important for the parent to verify the fluoride content of their water supply with their local water utility to ensure the infant is receiving the appropriate amount of fluoride for dental health.