Non-invasive tests to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms includes ultrasound estimation of all except

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Transition zone volume isn't a standard non-invasive ultrasound test for BOO requires MRI/TURP, invasive. Intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), bladder wall thickness (hypertrophy), and bladder weight (mass) assess obstruction non-invasively correlate with pressure/flow. TZ volume's invasiveness distinguishes it, key to practical diagnostics, unlike ultrasound-based metrics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glucose is fully reabsorbed in healthy kidneys, unlike magnesium, urea, and uric acid (excreted). This distinguishes normal urine composition, key for glycosuria detection, contrasting with waste products.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Creatinine is filtered and excreted without a threshold, unlike ascorbic acid, sodium, and citric acid (reabsorbed to limits). This identifies non-threshold excretion, key for GFR assessment, contrasting with regulated solutes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renal pyramids reside in the medulla, not columns, cortex, or pelvis (collecting). This locates pyramids, key for concentrating urine, contrasting with cortical structures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ketones appear in urine during fat breakdown (ketosis), not urea (protein), uric acid (purine), or glycine (amino acid). This highlights ketonuria, key for metabolic states, contrasting with nitrogenous waste.