Nocturia

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nocturia is the condition of waking up during the night to urinate. The factors associated with it are usually related to Increased nocturnal urine production (2), aging and hormonal changes (3), underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease (5), and medications that can increase urine production or cause fluid retention (6). Therefore, the correct choices are 2, 3, 5, and 6 which align with B.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Insensible losses are the fluid losses that occur without the individual being aware of it, such as through breathing, sweating, and through the skin. In an afebrile person, insensible losses are normally around 600ml per 24 hours. This amount can vary depending on factors such as temperature, humidity, and individual metabolism. When a patient is febrile and experiencing diaphoresis (excessive sweating), the fluid output can increase significantly due to the body's attempts to cool itself down. It is important for the nurse to consider these increased fluid losses when planning fluid replacement for a febrile patient to prevent dehydration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by a low pH (acidemia) and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration. In this condition, the body either produces too much acid, kidneys cannot remove enough acid, or there is a bicarbonate loss. This leads to an excess of hydrogen ions in the body, resulting in a decrease in pH and bicarbonate levels. Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, is characterized by a low pH and a high carbon dioxide concentration. Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a high pH and a low carbon dioxide concentration. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high pH and a high bicarbonate concentration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lumbar pain during a blood transfusion can be a sign of an adverse reaction, such as a transfusion reaction. Any complaints of pain during a transfusion should not be ignored. In this case, the nurse should first stop the transfusion to prevent any further complications. The client should be assessed promptly for other signs of a transfusion reaction, and appropriate actions should be taken as needed to ensure the client's safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. One of its primary functions is to retain sodium in the body, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. This retention of sodium helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. In contrast, other hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate water reabsorption, while thyroid hormone and insulin do not have a direct role in retaining sodium in the body.