NMDA receptor antagonist is frequently used for a patient with AD who is experiencing decreased memory and cognition?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Memantine (Namenda). Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist commonly used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to help improve memory and cognition. NMDA receptors play a crucial role in learning and memory processes, and by antagonizing these receptors, memantine helps regulate glutamate activity in the brain, which is beneficial for patients experiencing cognitive decline in AD. A) Trazodone (Desyrel) is an antidepressant that primarily acts on serotonin receptors and is not indicated for improving memory or cognition in AD patients. B) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) is an antipsychotic medication used to treat symptoms like hallucinations or delusions in conditions like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. It is not used to target memory and cognition deficits in AD. C) Rivastigmine (Exelon) is a cholinesterase inhibitor, which works by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain to help with cognitive symptoms in AD. While it is a common treatment for AD, it does not target NMDA receptors like memantine does. Educationally, understanding the mechanisms of action of different medications used in treating neurological conditions is crucial for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions when managing patients with cognitive impairments. Knowing the specific roles of medications like memantine, rivastigmine, and others can help tailor treatment plans to individual patient needs and optimize therapeutic outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) I may use a bulk-forming laxative if my liquid diet causes constipation. This answer demonstrates understanding of the potential side effect of constipation that can occur due to the liquid diet following fixation of a mandibular fracture. Bulk-forming laxatives can help alleviate constipation by adding fiber and bulk to the stool. Option A is incorrect because sucking on hard candy can pose a risk of dislodging the wires or causing further injury to the mandibular fracture site. Option B is incorrect because cutting the wires with scissors without proper medical guidance can lead to serious complications. Option D is incorrect because using a moist swab to clean the mouth after eating may not address the issue of constipation resulting from a liquid diet. In an educational context, it is crucial for patients to receive clear and accurate information about post-operative care to ensure optimal recovery and prevent complications. Teaching patients about potential side effects and appropriate interventions empowers them to actively participate in their own care and promotes better outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Gently handle the involved extremity during movement. This is the most appropriate nursing intervention for a patient with osteomyelitis and a nursing diagnosis of risk for injury because aggressive handling can exacerbate the condition or lead to complications such as fractures or spread of infection. Option A) Use careful and appropriate disposal of soiled dressings is important for infection control but does not directly address the risk for injury in this case. Option C) Measure the circumference of the affected extremity daily is more related to monitoring for edema or changes in the affected limb rather than preventing injury. Option D) Provide ROM exercises q4hr to the involved extremity can be too aggressive and potentially harmful in a patient with osteomyelitis. Educationally, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the principles of gentle handling and movement when caring for patients with musculoskeletal infections like osteomyelitis. This knowledge helps prevent complications, promote patient safety, and demonstrates the importance of individualized care based on the patient's specific condition. Healthcare professionals must always prioritize patient safety and tailor interventions to meet the unique needs of each patient to ensure optimal outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, option A is the correct answer because alendronate (Fosamax) should be taken on an empty stomach first thing in the morning with a full glass of water, at least 30 minutes before eating or drinking anything else, to enhance absorption and reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Taking it with a meal may interfere with absorption and efficacy of the medication. Option B is incorrect because alendronate does not increase bone density but rather helps prevent further bone loss. Option C is incorrect because the patient should sit or stand upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to minimize the risk of esophageal irritation and ensure proper absorption. Option D is incorrect because calcium supplements should not be taken at the same time as alendronate as they can interfere with its absorption. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the specific instructions for taking medications, especially those like alendronate that have specific administration requirements to maximize effectiveness and minimize side effects. It emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to provide clear and accurate medication education to patients to ensure safe and optimal treatment outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) "I should perform most of my daily chores in the morning when my energy level is highest." This statement indicates a misunderstanding of managing activities with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Individuals with RA often experience fatigue, joint pain, and stiffness, which can vary throughout the day. It is important for patients to prioritize activities and conserve energy by spreading out tasks and taking breaks as needed. Option A is correct because performing prescribed exercises daily helps maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength, which are crucial in managing RA symptoms. Option C is also correct as applying an ice pack can help reduce inflammation during acute flares. Option D is correct as using assistive devices can help reduce joint stress and strain. Educationally, it is important to emphasize to patients with RA the need for energy conservation, proper exercise, and the use of assistive devices to maintain independence and manage symptoms effectively. Understanding the optimal timing for activities and the importance of self-care strategies can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with RA.