Nitrogenous excretion products include:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Ammonia (NH₃) is a nitrogenous waste e.g., distal tubule buffers H . Amino acids are reabsorbed not excreted. HNO₃⁻ (nitrate) isn't physiological false. Thionitrate isn't a compound nonsense. NH₃'s waste role distinguishes it, key to nitrogen excretion, unlike conserved or fictitious options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Loop of Henle is a tubule descending from cortex to medulla e.g., concentrates urine via countercurrent. Ureter is kidney-to-bladder not Loop. Micturition is urination unrelated. JG cells secrete renin not tubular. Medullary descent distinguishes it, critical for concentration, unlike transport or secretion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prerenal oliguria stems from decreased renal perfusion (e.g., hypovolemia), not intrinsic kidney damage. Fluid replacement restores perfusion, increasing urine output, unlike low specific gravity (dilute urine, tubular issue), malignant hypertension (intrarenal), or high sodium (postrenal). This distinguishes prerenal failure's reversible nature, critical for early intervention, contrasting with structural damage where fluids alone won't suffice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: With creatinine clearance 18 mL/min and hyperkalemia (6.8 mEq/L), potassium restriction (2-3 g/day) is critical protein (too high at 70 g), sodium (too low at 1000 mg), and unlimited carbs (diabetes risk) are inappropriate. This distinguishes potassium management, vital for cardiac safety, contrasting with excessive restrictions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fluid regulation matching urine output ensures graft function not bloody drainage (complication), frequent pain meds (variable), or early catheter removal (risky). This distinguishes postoperative fluid balance, vital for graft survival, contrasting with surgical concerns.