Night terrors are associated with

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) inception in preschool years and sometimes somnambulism. Night terrors are a common parasomnia in childhood, typically starting in the preschool years when children experience partial arousal from deep sleep stages. This can lead to intense fear, screaming, and confusion, often accompanied by physical symptoms like increased heart rate and sweating. Sometimes, night terrors can progress to somnambulism, or sleepwalking, in which the child may walk around or engage in other activities while still asleep. Option A) REM sleep is incorrect because night terrors are not associated with REM sleep, but rather with disruptions in non-REM sleep stages. Option B) overeating after 7:00 p.m. is incorrect because while diet can impact sleep patterns, it is not a direct cause of night terrors. Option C) the use of antipsychotic medication is incorrect because night terrors are not typically caused by antipsychotic medication in children. In an educational context, understanding the causes and characteristics of night terrors is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support to children and their families. By recognizing the onset in preschool years and potential progression to somnambulism, nurses can offer guidance on sleep hygiene, stress management, and other interventions to help manage and reduce the occurrence of night terrors in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) small triangular chin. In pediatric patients, risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) often involve anatomical features that can contribute to airway obstruction during sleep. A small triangular chin is not a typical risk factor for OSAS. Retroposition of the mandible (A) can lead to airway narrowing or collapse during sleep, contributing to OSAS. A long oval face (C) may be associated with craniofacial abnormalities that can predispose a child to OSAS. A long or soft palate (D) can also contribute to airway obstruction, as a large or floppy palate can block the airway during sleep. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for OSAS in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric nursing. By recognizing these risk factors, nurses can screen and identify children who may be at risk for OSAS, allowing for early intervention and treatment to prevent complications associated with untreated sleep-disordered breathing in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the impact of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure on children's health is crucial. The correct answer is A) middle ear effusions. Children exposed to second-hand smoke are at a higher risk of developing middle ear effusions due to the irritation and inflammation caused by the toxins in the smoke. This can lead to recurrent ear infections and hearing issues in children. Option B) bacterial respiratory illnesses is incorrect because while second-hand smoke can increase the risk of respiratory infections, it specifically affects the upper respiratory tract more than the lower respiratory tract, which is commonly associated with bacterial infections. Option C) otitis externa is incorrect because this condition is usually caused by water exposure or trauma to the ear canal, not directly linked to second-hand smoke exposure. Option D) sinusitis is incorrect as well because second-hand smoke is not a direct cause of sinusitis. Sinusitis is more commonly associated with viral or bacterial infections and allergies. Educationally, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be aware of the detrimental effects of second-hand smoke on children's health to provide preventive education to families and promote a smoke-free environment for children. By understanding these associations, nurses can advocate for smoking cessation interventions and support families in creating a healthy and safe environment for children to thrive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) phosgene. Phosgene is a highly toxic gas that can cause delayed onset of respiratory symptoms after exposure. This delayed onset is due to the fact that phosgene damages the lining of the respiratory tract, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs, which can manifest hours after exposure. Option A) chlorine is incorrect because exposure to chlorine gas typically results in immediate respiratory symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath. Option C) cyanide is incorrect as it causes rapid onset of symptoms like confusion, headache, and seizures rather than delayed respiratory symptoms. Option D) anthrax is incorrect as it is a bacterial infection that does not cause respiratory symptoms upon exposure to the bacteria. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristic symptoms of different toxic exposures is crucial for timely and accurate assessment and intervention in pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific onset patterns of symptoms can guide healthcare providers in providing appropriate care and treatment to children who have been exposed to toxic substances. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses working in emergency departments, pediatric clinics, or any setting where pediatric patients may present with toxic exposures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) early infancy. Allergic rhinitis is often triggered by exposure to allergens during early childhood, typically before the age of 3. This period is critical because it is when the immune system is still developing and may become sensitized to allergens. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of allergic rhinitis, and early infancy is when genetically susceptible individuals are at the greatest risk of sensitization. Option A) early adolescence is incorrect because by this age, the immune system has already been exposed to various allergens, and sensitization may have occurred earlier in infancy. Option B) late adolescence is also incorrect as allergic rhinitis tends to manifest earlier in life, and the critical period for sensitization is not during late adolescence. Option C) school age is not the most critical period for the development of allergic rhinitis as sensitization typically occurs earlier, during infancy. Educationally, understanding the critical period for the development of allergic rhinitis is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis in infants and young children allows for early intervention and management to improve quality of life and prevent complications associated with untreated allergies. This knowledge also informs patient education efforts aimed at promoting allergen avoidance and appropriate treatment strategies.