Neuroimaging studies have revealed atypical function or structure in particular brain regions associated with particular psychiatric diseases. Disturbance of the ___ is associated with schizophrenia; ___ is associated with depression; ___ is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder; and ___ is associated with ADHD.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is option A: prefrontal cortex; subgenual cingulate; basal ganglia; caudate and putamen. In schizophrenia, neuroimaging studies have shown abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, which is crucial for decision-making and cognitive control. The subgenual cingulate is associated with depression as it plays a role in regulating mood. The basal ganglia, including the caudate and putamen, are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder due to their involvement in habit formation and motor functions. Lastly, ADHD is associated with dysfunction in the caudate and putamen within the basal ganglia, affecting attention and impulse control. Option B is incorrect because it incorrectly places the subgenual cingulate before the prefrontal cortex in relation to depression. Option C is incorrect as it reverses the order of the structures associated with schizophrenia, depression, OCD, and ADHD. Option D is incorrect as it reverses the order of structures associated with these psychiatric disorders. Understanding the specific brain regions associated with different psychiatric disorders is vital in diagnosing and treating patients effectively. Knowing these associations can guide treatment approaches, such as targeted therapies or interventions aimed at addressing the underlying neurobiological dysfunctions. Educating healthcare professionals and students about these associations enhances their diagnostic skills and fosters a deeper understanding of the biological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is option A: there was an immediate positive influence on his daily life. This is the correct answer because, in Oliver Sacks' chapter, the patient with Tourette's syndrome did not experience an instant improvement in his condition upon taking Haldol. It took time for the medication to have a positive impact on his symptoms. Option B is incorrect because the patient did not choose to take the medication only during the week and not on weekends. Option C is incorrect because his job situation and home life did not necessarily improve immediately after starting the medication. Option D is incorrect because the patient did not become worse at ping-pong; in fact, his ping-pong skills improved after starting the medication. From an educational perspective, understanding the nuances of medication effects and treatment outcomes in psychobiological disorders like Tourette's syndrome is crucial. This question highlights the importance of patience and realistic expectations when it comes to the impact of medications on individuals with such conditions. It also emphasizes the need for careful monitoring and individualized treatment plans for each patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 35-60%. The estimated heritability of commonly used personality measures, such as the 'Big Five' traits or Eysenck's personality dimensions, falls within the range of 35-60%. This means that a significant portion of individual differences in these personality traits can be attributed to genetic factors. Option A) 0-20% is incorrect because it underestimates the impact of genetics on personality traits. Research has shown that genetic factors play a substantial role in shaping personality. Option B) 20-35% is also incorrect as it falls on the lower end of the estimated heritability range for personality measures. While environmental factors certainly influence personality development, genetics have been found to have a stronger influence. Option D) Heritability cannot be estimated by psychologists is incorrect because psychologists do have methods and tools to estimate heritability, such as twin studies and family studies, which have been used to investigate the genetic contributions to personality traits. In an educational context, understanding the heritability of personality traits is essential for grasping the complex interplay between genetics and environment in shaping human behavior. This knowledge can help individuals appreciate the diversity of personalities and debunk common misconceptions about the determinants of personality. It also underscores the importance of considering both nature and nurture in psychological research and practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Babinski reflex. The Babinski reflex is a normal reflex seen in infants where stroking the sole of the foot causes the big toe to extend upward while the other toes fan out. This response is indicative of the immaturity of the central nervous system in infants. A) Plantar reflex is the opposite of the Babinski reflex, where the toes curl inward when the sole of the foot is stimulated. This reflex is commonly seen in adults and is considered a normal response. C) Startle reflex is a response to a sudden, loud noise or sudden movement, causing the infant to startle and potentially throw their arms out. This reflex is not elicited by stroking the foot. D) Rooting reflex is a reflex seen in infants where they turn their head and open their mouth in the direction of a touch on their cheek or mouth. This reflex is related to feeding behavior and is not associated with foot stimulation. Understanding these reflexes is crucial for healthcare professionals working with infants as they can provide insights into the development and functioning of the nervous system. Recognizing abnormal reflex patterns can also help in identifying potential neurological issues early on.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes the body's response to stress in three stages. Firstly, the alarm stage is the initial reaction to a stressor, where the body goes into a fight-or-flight mode to prepare for the challenge. This physiological response includes increased heart rate, heightened senses, and the release of stress hormones like adrenaline. Secondly, the resistance stage is where the body attempts to cope with the ongoing stressor. During this phase, the body tries to adapt to the stressor and maintain a state of alertness and readiness to deal with the situation. Lastly, the exhaustion stage occurs when the body's resources are depleted from prolonged exposure to stress. This stage can lead to physical and emotional burnout, increased vulnerability to illness, and a decreased ability to cope with additional stressors. Option A) fight-or-flight, defense, withdrawal does not align with Selye's general adaptation syndrome stages. Fight-or-flight is part of the alarm stage, but defense and withdrawal are not specific stages in this model. Option C) allostatic load, stress, return to normalcy confuses the concept of allostatic load, which is the long-term wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress, with the stages of general adaptation syndrome. Option D) denial, adaptation, acceptance does not correspond to the physiological responses outlined in Selye's model. While adaptation is part of the general adaptation syndrome, denial and acceptance are psychological coping mechanisms rather than distinct physiological stages. Understanding Selye's general adaptation syndrome is crucial in comprehending how the body responds to stress and the potential consequences of prolonged stress exposure. Educating individuals about these stages can help them recognize and manage their stress levels effectively to prevent negative health outcomes.