Neurofibromatosis type I, an autosomal dominant disorder (gene on chromosome 17), is defined by six or more café au lait maculover 5 mm in prepubertal or greater than 15 mm in postpubertal children plus at least one of the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NF1 diagnostic criteria (NIH) include café au lait maculplus freckling , Lisch nodul, neurofibromas , osseous lesions , optic gliomas , or family history . Ash leaf maculare hypopigmented spots in tuberous sclerosis, not NF1. This phenotypic distinction makes D the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The parachute reflex appears at 4-6 months , per developmental milestones, when an infant extends arms protectively when lowered face-down, reflecting vestibular and motor integration. Absent at birth , it emerglater than Moro (E, birth) and persists lifelong. 2-4 months is too early; 6-8 or 8-10 too late for onset. This reflexs timing, per AAP, makes C the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Broca aphasia is anterior, expressive, non-fluent speech from left frontal lobe damage, per neurology texts. Wernicke is fluent, posterior, comprehension-deficient. Global combinboth. Alexia and agraphia are reading/writing deficits. Brocas localization makes A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gowers sign reflects proximal weakness, per neuromuscular texts, seen in Duchenne dystrophy, where boys climb up legs due to hip/thigh weakness. Denervation causatrophy; corticospinal spasticity; cerebellar ataxia. Proximal pattern make B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bloody CSF indicatvenous thrombosis , per neurology texts, from hemorrhage into CSF spaces. MS and leukodystrophy lack blood; hypertension is systemic; herpmay have RBCs but not predominantly. Thrombosiss vascular rupture makes C the correct answer.