Neuroblastoma can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. All the following features are paraneoplastic EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer that can present with paraneoplastic syndromes, which are a group of signs and symptoms that occur at locations distant from the primary tumor or its metastases. In this case, the correct answer is B) cerebellar ataxia and increased body coordination. This is because cerebellar ataxia is not typically associated with paraneoplastic syndromes seen in neuroblastoma. Uncontrollable jerking movements (option A) can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, such as opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Unilateral ptosis, myosis, and anhidrosis (option C) can be seen in Horner syndrome, which is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma. Profound secretory diarrhea (option D) can be a manifestation of VIP-secreting neuroblastomas. In an educational context, understanding paraneoplastic syndromes is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric oncology patients. Recognizing these syndromes can aid in early detection, prompt management, and improved patient outcomes. It is essential for nurses to have a comprehensive knowledge of the various manifestations of neuroblastoma and its associated syndromes to provide holistic care to pediatric patients with cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question from the Wongs Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 11th Edition Test Bank, the correct answer is A) type 6. The rationale behind this is that while types 16, 18, and 31 of human papillomavirus (HPV) are known to be associated with cervical carcinomas, type 6 is not. Type 16 and 18 are considered high-risk types of HPV and are commonly linked to the development of cervical cancer. Type 31 is also known to be associated with cervical malignancy. Understanding the specific types of HPV that are linked to cervical cancer is crucial in the context of pediatric nursing as it informs healthcare providers about the risks associated with certain strains of the virus. Educationally, this question helps reinforce the importance of HPV vaccination and screening for cervical cancer in pediatric patients. By knowing which types of HPV are linked to malignancy, nurses can advocate for appropriate preventive measures and screenings to protect young patients from the potential risks of HPV-related cervical cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Chemotherapy is a crucial treatment modality for many childhood CNS tumors, but its effectiveness varies depending on the tumor type. In the case of pilocytic astrocytoma, it is typically considered a low-grade tumor with a well-defined structure, making it more amenable to surgical resection and less responsive to chemotherapy. This tumor usually has a good prognosis with surgery alone. Craniopharyngioma, pineoblastoma, and SPNETs are more aggressive tumors that often require a multimodal treatment approach involving surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Chemotherapy plays a significant role in targeting the rapidly dividing cancer cells in these types of tumors, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent recurrence, and improve overall outcomes. Educationally, understanding the varying responses of different CNS tumors to chemotherapy is essential for healthcare providers involved in the care of pediatric oncology patients. It highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans based on tumor characteristics and guides discussions with families regarding treatment expectations and potential outcomes. This knowledge empowers healthcare professionals to provide optimal care and support to pediatric patients and their families facing CNS tumors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) periosteal. Periosteal osteosarcoma is a subtype of osteosarcoma that typically presents in the surface of the bone, making it more amenable to complete surgical resection without the need for chemotherapy. This subtype has a better prognosis compared to other subtypes like fibroblastic, chondroblastic, and parosteal osteosarcoma. Fibroblastic and chondroblastic osteosarcomas are subtypes that usually require a combination of surgery and chemotherapy for optimal treatment outcomes. Parosteal osteosarcoma, while slow-growing and low-grade, may also necessitate a combination of surgical resection and chemotherapy due to its location and potential for recurrence. In an educational context, understanding the different subtypes of osteosarcoma and their varying treatment modalities is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children and adolescents with this condition. It highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment planning, and the role of interdisciplinary collaboration in managing pediatric oncology patients effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Understanding the concept of death and its irreversibility is a crucial aspect of a child's cognitive development. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the preschool age group (around 3-5 years old) tend to believe in the reversibility of death. This is because they are in the preoperational stage of development, characterized by egocentrism and magical thinking. At this stage, children may believe that death is temporary and reversible, much like other events in their imaginative play. Option A, toddlers, are in the sensorimotor stage according to Piaget, where they are focused on sensory experiences and object permanence rather than abstract concepts like death reversibility. Option C, school-age children, are typically in the concrete operational stage where they begin to understand logical reasoning but may still struggle with abstract concepts like death. Option D, adolescents, are in the formal operational stage where they can think abstractly, but by this stage, they have typically developed a more concrete understanding of death's permanence. Educationally, understanding at what stage children grasp the concept of death's irreversibility is crucial for healthcare professionals, educators, and caregivers working with children. By knowing this information, they can tailor their explanations and support based on the child's cognitive developmental stage, helping them cope with grief and loss in a developmentally appropriate manner.