Nebulized adrenaline is indicated in which of the following conditions:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the appropriate use of nebulized adrenaline is crucial. In this question, the correct answer is D) Croup. Nebulized adrenaline is indicated in croup due to its vasoconstrictive and anti-inflammatory effects which help reduce airway swelling and improve breathing in children with croup. Anaphylactic shock (A) is typically treated with epinephrine, not nebulized adrenaline. Bronchial breathing (B) is a term used to describe the harsh, hollow sounds heard over the chest in conditions like pneumonia and is not an indication for nebulized adrenaline. Cardiac arrest (C) requires interventions such as CPR and defibrillation, not nebulized adrenaline. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding specific medication indications in pediatric patients. Nurses need to be aware of the appropriate use of nebulized adrenaline in conditions like croup to provide safe and effective care to children in respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric shock, obstructive shock can be caused by conditions that physically obstruct blood flow. In this case, severe aortic stenosis (Option C) is the correct answer. Aortic stenosis narrows the opening of the aortic valve, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, resulting in decreased cardiac output and shock. Myocardial infarction (Option A) is a cause of cardiogenic shock, where the heart's ability to pump effectively is compromised due to damage from a heart attack. Myocarditis (Option B) is an inflammatory condition that affects the heart muscle but does not cause obstructive shock. Severe mitral regurgitation (Option D) involves backflow of blood into the left atrium due to a leaky mitral valve and does not directly cause obstructive shock. In an educational context, understanding the different types of shock in pediatrics is crucial for pediatric nurses to recognize and respond effectively to life-threatening situations in pediatric patients. Knowledge of the specific etiologies and pathophysiology of each type of shock is essential for providing appropriate and timely interventions to stabilize the child's condition and prevent further deterioration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of obstructive shock is crucial for effective patient care. The correct answer is C) Severe aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis can lead to obstructive shock in children by impairing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, resulting in decreased cardiac output and poor perfusion to vital organs. Option A) Anaphylaxis is incorrect as it is a form of distributive shock caused by a systemic allergic reaction leading to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Option B) Myocarditis is incorrect as it is a form of cardiogenic shock resulting from inflammation of the heart muscle leading to decreased cardiac function. Option D) Severe mitral regurgitation is incorrect as it can lead to cardiogenic shock due to backward flow of blood into the left atrium, but it is not a cause of obstructive shock. Educationally, understanding the different types of shock and their underlying causes is essential for pediatric nurses to accurately assess and manage patients in critical conditions. By knowing the specific causes of obstructive shock, nurses can intervene promptly to stabilize the child's condition and prevent further deterioration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic acidosis with a large anion gap is a condition characterized by decreased pH and increased serum anion gap, indicating the presence of unmeasured anions like lactate, ketones, or toxic substances. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Salicylate overdose. Salicylates, found in medications like aspirin, lead to an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of salicylic acid and its metabolites, resulting in a high anion gap. Option A) Diarrhea typically causes non-anion gap metabolic acidosis due to bicarbonate loss in the stool. Option B) Renal failure on regular dialysis can lead to metabolic acidosis, but it usually presents with a normal anion gap. Option D) Severe chronic iron deficiency anemia is not a common cause of metabolic acidosis with a large anion gap. In an educational context, understanding the causes of metabolic acidosis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care to children with acid-base disorders. Recognizing the etiology of acid-base disturbances helps in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management to prevent potential complications. Nurses must be knowledgeable about differentiating between various types of metabolic acidosis to deliver safe and competent care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Look-Listen-Feel procedure is a fundamental aspect of pediatric patient assessment, particularly in emergency situations. In this context, the correct answer is C) To assess for breathing. This procedure involves visually inspecting the chest for rise and fall, listening for breath sounds, and feeling for airflow to determine if the patient is breathing adequately. Option A) To assess for responsiveness, is not the correct choice because assessing responsiveness involves different actions such as tapping the patient and asking if they are okay to determine if they are conscious and alert. Option B) To assess for airway patency is incorrect as it involves checking for any obstructions in the airway, such as foreign objects or the tongue blocking the airway. Option D) To assess for circulation involves checking for a pulse and signs of perfusion, which is a separate aspect of pediatric assessment. Understanding the Look-Listen-Feel procedure is crucial for pediatric nurses as it forms the foundation of assessing a child's breathing status, which is vital for their overall well-being. By mastering this technique, nurses can quickly identify respiratory distress in pediatric patients and initiate appropriate interventions promptly, ultimately improving patient outcomes.