Nebulized adrenaline is indicated in which of the following conditions:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nebulized adrenaline is indicated in the treatment of croup. Croup is a common respiratory condition in children characterized by a barking cough and stridor due to upper airway inflammation, often caused by a viral infection. Nebulized adrenaline helps reduce airway swelling and improve breathing in children with croup. Anaphylactic shock (Option A) is typically treated with intramuscular adrenaline rather than nebulized adrenaline. Adrenaline is used in anaphylaxis to counteract the severe allergic reaction that can lead to airway constriction and shock. Bronchial breathing (Option B) is a term used to describe abnormal breath sounds heard on auscultation, which is not an indication for nebulized adrenaline. Bronchial breathing can be associated with conditions like pneumonia or atelectasis. Cardiac arrest (Option C) requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and advanced cardiac life support interventions, not nebulized adrenaline. In cardiac arrest, the priority is to restore circulation through chest compressions and defibrillation. Educationally, understanding the appropriate use of nebulized adrenaline in croup is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care for children with respiratory distress. It is important for nurses to be knowledgeable about the indications, contraindications, and appropriate interventions for various pediatric conditions to deliver safe and evidence-based care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric shock, obstructive shock occurs due to mechanical obstruction to blood flow. The correct answer is C) Severe aortic stenosis because it leads to obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle, causing decreased cardiac output and subsequent shock. Option A) Myocardial infarction is incorrect because it typically leads to distributive shock due to systemic vasodilation. Option B) Myocarditis is incorrect as it causes cardiogenic shock due to myocardial dysfunction rather than mechanical obstruction. Option D) Severe mitral regurgitation is incorrect as it causes cardiogenic shock by decreasing forward blood flow, not by obstructing blood flow. Understanding the etiology of different types of shock in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to provide timely and appropriate interventions. Recognizing the specific causes of obstructive shock can help nurses implement targeted treatments such as inotropic support or surgical interventions to alleviate the obstruction and improve cardiac output. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses to effectively manage critically ill children and optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of obstructive shock is crucial for providing timely and accurate care to children in critical conditions. The correct answer is C) Severe aortic stenosis. Aortic stenosis can lead to obstructive shock in children by causing a blockage in the aortic valve, leading to impaired blood flow out of the heart and reduced cardiac output. This can result in decreased perfusion to vital organs, leading to shock. Option A) Anaphylaxis is a form of distributive shock, not obstructive shock. It results from a systemic allergic reaction causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Option B) Myocarditis is a cause of cardiogenic shock, not obstructive shock. It occurs due to inflammation of the heart muscle, leading to decreased cardiac function. Option D) Severe mitral regurgitation is also a cause of cardiogenic shock, not obstructive shock. It occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, causing backflow of blood into the left atrium. Educationally, understanding the different types of shock and their causes is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific etiology of shock can guide appropriate interventions and treatments, improving outcomes for children in critical situations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic acidosis with a large anion gap is often caused by the accumulation of acids like lactic acid, ketoacids, or toxins such as salicylates. In this scenario, option C, Salicylate overdose, is the likely cause. Salicylate overdose can lead to an increase in the anion gap due to the accumulation of salicylic acid and its metabolites. Option A, Diarrhea, typically causes non-anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the loss of bicarbonate in the stool. Option B, Renal failure on regular dialysis, is less likely to cause metabolic acidosis with a large anion gap as dialysis helps in removing excess acids and correcting acid-base imbalances. Option D, Severe chronic iron deficiency anemia, does not directly contribute to metabolic acidosis with a large anion gap. In an educational context, understanding the causes of metabolic acidosis and how to interpret anion gap values is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide safe and effective care to children with complex medical conditions. Recognizing the etiology of acid-base imbalances helps nurses intervene promptly and collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The Look-Listen-Feel procedure is used to assess for breathing in pediatric patients during a primary assessment. This technique involves looking for chest rise and fall, listening for breath sounds, and feeling for airflow. Option A, assessing for responsiveness, is not correct in this context as the Look-Listen-Feel procedure specifically focuses on assessing breathing, not responsiveness. Option B, assessing for airway patency, is important in pediatric assessments, but it is not the primary focus of the Look-Listen-Feel technique. Airway patency is typically assessed before or after using the Look-Listen-Feel method. Option D, assessing for circulation, is also crucial in pediatric assessments, but it is not the purpose of the Look-Listen-Feel procedure. Circulation is assessed through checking for a pulse and signs of perfusion. Educationally, understanding the correct use of the Look-Listen-Feel technique is essential for pediatric nurses as it helps them quickly and effectively assess a child's breathing status in emergency situations. Mastery of this skill can make a significant difference in providing timely and appropriate interventions for pediatric patients in respiratory distress.