ATI RN
Endocrine System Exam Questions Answers Questions
Question 1 of 5
Name the structure that prevents food from entering the lungs?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs. When food is swallowed, the epiglottis closes off the trachea to ensure that the food goes down the esophagus into the stomach. Incorrect choices: A: The pyloric sphincter is a valve located between the stomach and the small intestine, regulating the flow of partially digested food. B: The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass into the lungs. C: The pharynx is the throat area where the pathways for both food and air cross, but it is the epiglottis that specifically prevents food from entering the lungs.
Question 2 of 5
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is taking an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor specifically approved for that indication, primarily because it is quite lipophilic and so enters the CNS well. Which of the following drugs is the patient most likely receiving?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Donepezil. Donepezil is a lipophilic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for Alzheimer's disease due to its ability to enter the CNS effectively. It enhances cholinergic transmission by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine breakdown. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for diagnostic purposes, not for Alzheimer's treatment. Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine are not lipophilic and are primarily used for myasthenia gravis to enhance muscle strength, not for Alzheimer's disease.
Question 3 of 5
A 43-year-old woman with diagnosed myasthenia gravis presents with profound skeletal muscle weakness. We are unsure whether she is experiencing a cholinergic crisis or a myasthenic crisis, so we administer a usually appropriate dose of parenteral edrophonium. Assume the patient was actually experiencing a cholinergic crisis. Which of the following is the most likely response to the drug?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ventilatory distress or failure. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to differentiate between myasthenic and cholinergic crises. In a cholinergic crisis, which is an excess of acetylcholine, administering edrophonium can worsen symptoms due to further acetylcholine accumulation. This can lead to excessive stimulation of the respiratory muscles, resulting in ventilatory distress or failure. Choice A is incorrect because cholinergic crisis typically causes hypotension, not hypertension. Choice B is incorrect because edrophonium-induced tachycardia can worsen myocardial ischemia, not angina. Choice C is incorrect because increased ventricular automaticity would not be a common response to edrophonium in a cholinergic crisis.
Question 4 of 5
Propranolol is useful in the treatment of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked. Propranolol can worsen heart block by further slowing down the heart rate, making it inappropriate for this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C. A: Propranolol is used to treat hypertension by reducing blood pressure. B: Propranolol is effective in managing anxiety symptoms by blocking the physical manifestations of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate. D: Propranolol is beneficial in treating angina of effort by reducing the workload of the heart and improving blood flow to the heart muscle. In summary, the other choices (A, B, D) are correct uses of propranolol, making C the exception due to its potential to worsen heart block.
Question 5 of 5
Hypertensive effect of adrenaline is reversed by:
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Adrenaline causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure. 2. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist. 3. By blocking alpha-1 receptors, prazosin reverses the vasoconstrictive effects of adrenaline. 4. Propranolol (A) is a non-selective beta-blocker and would not directly counteract adrenaline's vasoconstrictive effects. 5. Phenylephrine (B) is a vasoconstrictor itself and would further exacerbate the hypertensive effect of adrenaline. 6. Amphetamine (D) is a sympathomimetic drug that would also enhance the hypertensive effects of adrenaline. Summary: Prazosin (C) is the correct answer as it specifically targets the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors responsible for the hypertensive effects of adrenaline. Propranolol, phenylephrine, and amphetamine would