Name the four categories of enteral formulas? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Enteral formulas are categorized as elemental/semi-elemental (B), disease-specific (C), polymeric formula (D), and modular formula (E). Enteral macronutrient (A) is not a recognized category. These formulas are tailored to meet specific nutritional needs based on the patient's condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) treatment targets viral clearance. Pegylated interferon alfa boosts immunity, lamivudine treats HBV, not HCV, so that's incorrect. Adefovir also targets HBV, not HCV. Pegylated interferon alfa with ribavirin, an antiviral, is a historical standard for HCV, enhancing sustained virologic response across genotypes, the recommended combo. Adefovir/lamivudine suits HBV, oseltamivir/zanamivir influenza. Ribavirin's synergy with interferon was key before direct-acting antivirals, effective for this condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take in this situation is to prepare an epinephrine injection in case of an anaphylactic reaction. The patient's presentation of generalized itching could be a sign of an allergic reaction to morphine sulfate. It is important to be prepared for an anaphylactic reaction, which could potentially be life-threatening. Having epinephrine readily available allows for quick administration if needed to treat the allergic reaction. Reassuring the patient is also appropriate, but the priority in this situation is to be prepared for a possible serious allergic reaction. Administering naloxone to reverse opioid overdose is not indicated based on the patient's current vital signs and symptoms. Having resuscitation equipment available at the bedside is always a good practice, but preparing for an anaphylactic reaction takes precedence in this scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, manages hypertension but requires adherence even if symptoms improve, as stopping abruptly risks rebound hypertension, indicating a teaching gap. Reporting a dry cough is correct due to bradykinin buildup, a common side effect needing evaluation. Rising slowly prevents orthostatic hypotension, a known effect. Avoiding potassium-rich salt substitutes prevents hyperkalemia, as lisinopril inhibits aldosterone. The statement ‘I can stop this medication if I feel better' reflects misunderstanding of chronic disease management, where consistent therapy maintains control, not just symptom relief. Further teaching must emphasize this, aligning with lisinopril's role in long-term vascular protection, making C the statement needing correction.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A persistent dry cough is a well-known adverse effect associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby causing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. However, they can also inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin, leading to the accumulation of bradykinin in the lungs. This accumulation can irritate the airways, resulting in a dry, persistent cough in some patients. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of this side effect, as it can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and may require alternative antihypertensive medication.