Myxoedema is characterized by all except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myxoedema is a term used to describe severe hypothyroidism. The characteristic features of myxoedema include sinus bradycardia (choice B), solid oedema (choice C), and madarosis (choice D), which refers to loss of eyebrows and eyelashes. However, a butterfly rash is not a typical feature of myxoedema. A butterfly rash is commonly associated with conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus rather than myxoedema.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of endocrinology and dwarfism, understanding the relationship between the upper and lower body segments is crucial. The correct answer in this question is D) Juvenile myxedema. Juvenile myxedema, also known as hypothyroidism, does not exhibit the characteristic upper segment being greater than the lower segment seen in other types of dwarfism. A) Pituitary dwarfism is characterized by proportional body segments but reduced overall size due to pituitary gland dysfunction. B) Cretinism, a form of congenital hypothyroidism, presents with short stature and disproportionate body segments with the upper segment exceeding the lower. C) Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder resulting in short limbs and a normal-sized torso, so the lower segment appears longer than the upper. Understanding these distinctions is vital in diagnosing and managing different types of dwarfism. This knowledge aids healthcare professionals in providing appropriate treatments and support for individuals with various endocrine disorders affecting growth and development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma of the lung is most commonly associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This paraneoplastic syndrome occurs in patients with small cell lung cancer due to the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the tumor cells. The excessive release of ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, causing symptoms such as nausea, confusion, seizures, and potentially life-threatening complications. Other types of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, are less commonly associated with SIADH.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Turner's syndrome, as tall stature is not characteristic of this condition. Turner's syndrome is a genetic disorder in females where one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing. This results in short stature, webbed neck, and a lack of normal sexual development. A) Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by an additional X chromosome in males (XXY), which can lead to tall stature due to hormonal imbalances affecting growth. B) Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder of methionine metabolism, which can lead to tall stature along with other symptoms such as intellectual disability and lens dislocation in the eyes. C) Marfan's syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder that can cause tall stature, along with long limbs, fingers, and other physical features due to abnormalities in the fibrillin gene. It is important for students of pharmacology to understand the clinical manifestations of various endocrine disorders to make accurate diagnoses and provide appropriate treatment. Recognizing the characteristic features of each condition helps in differentiating between them and guiding clinical management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome is a condition that mimics the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome but is not actually caused by excess cortisol production by the adrenal glands. It can be caused by various conditions such as chronic alcoholism, obesity, depression, and certain medications. However, myxoedema (also known as severe hypothyroidism) is not typically associated with pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Myxoedema is characterized by low thyroid hormone levels, which would not lead to the symptoms of pseudo-Cushing's syndrome.