Mrs. Zeno asks the nurse why the disease has occurred. The nurse bases the reply on the knowledge that there is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The disease mentioned in the question is likely myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting nerve impulses to muscles. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system destroys or blocks the acetylcholine receptor sites on muscle cells, leading to a decrease in the number of functioning receptor sites. This results in muscle weakness and fatigue because the communication between nerves and muscles is impaired. This is why the nurse would base the reply on the knowledge that there is a decreased number of functioning acetyl-choline receptor sites as the underlying cause of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Maintaining strict records of intake and output is the best way to assess the client's fluid balance in this situation. Severe burns can lead to fluid loss, which can result in dehydration and other complications. By carefully monitoring the amount of fluid the client is taking in (intake) and the amount of fluid being eliminated from the body (output), healthcare providers can assess the client's fluid balance and make necessary adjustments to prevent dehydration or fluid overload. This approach provides accurate and specific information to guide fluid management and ensure optimal recovery for the client with burns. Monitoring skin turgor, daily weight, and checking for edema are also important measures, but maintaining strict records of intake and output is the most direct and effective method for assessing fluid balance in a client with burns.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A brain abscess can be caused by direct invasion of the brain by microorganisms, spread of infection by other organs (such as the heart or lungs), or spread of infection from nearby sites (such as sinuses or the middle ear). In some cases, multiple mechanisms can contribute to the development of a brain abscess. Therefore, the correct answer is that a brain abscess can be caused by all of the above mechanisms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) type 6. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a well-known risk factor for cervical carcinoma. However, not all types of HPV are associated with malignancy. Type 6 is considered low-risk and is typically linked to benign genital warts rather than cervical cancer. Option B) type 16 and Option C) type 18 are high-risk HPV types commonly found in cervical carcinomas. These types are known to have oncogenic potential and are strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer. Option D) type 31 is also a high-risk HPV type that can lead to the development of cervical cancer. Although it is not specifically mentioned in the question stem, it is important to note that multiple high-risk HPV types are implicated in cervical malignancies. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the association between HPV types and cervical carcinoma is crucial for providing effective care and education to patients and their families. By recognizing the specific types of HPV that pose the greatest risk for developing cancer, healthcare providers can emphasize the importance of preventive measures such as vaccination and regular screenings to reduce the incidence of cervical malignancies in the future.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) pilocytic astrocytoma. Chemotherapy is not effective in treating pilocytic astrocytoma because this type of tumor is typically slow-growing and well-differentiated. Surgical resection is usually the primary treatment for pilocytic astrocytoma, and it is often curative on its own due to the tumor's characteristics. Craniopharyngioma, pineoblastoma, and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs) are all types of childhood CNS tumors that can be responsive to chemotherapy. These tumors are more aggressive and may require a multimodal approach to treatment, which can include chemotherapy in addition to surgery and/or radiation therapy. In an educational context, understanding which childhood CNS tumors are responsive to chemotherapy is crucial for pediatric critical care nurses, as they play a key role in the care of these patients. Knowing the most effective treatment modalities for different tumor types helps nurses advocate for the best care for their patients and ensures better outcomes.