Mr. Vasquez 56-year-old client with a 40-year history of smoking one to two packs of cigarettes per day has a chronic cough producing thick sputum, peripheral edema and cyanotic nail beds. Based on this information, he most likely has which of the following conditions?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Mr. Vasquez has a chronic cough producing thick sputum, which is a common symptom of chronic bronchitis. Step 2: Peripheral edema and cyanotic nail beds indicate poor oxygenation, a characteristic of chronic bronchitis. Step 3: Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to excessive mucus production. Step 4: Chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoking, which Mr. Vasquez has a 40-year history of. Step 5: Therefore, the most likely condition Mr. Vasquez has is chronic obstructive bronchitis (Choice C). Summary: A: ARDS is an acute condition usually caused by severe injury or illness, not chronic smoking. B: Asthma typically presents with wheezing and shortness of breath, not chronic cough with sputum. D: Emphysema is characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Liver. Cancer cells commonly metastasize to the liver due to its rich blood supply and filtering function. This allows cancer cells to easily travel through the bloodstream and settle in the liver. Other choices, such as B: Colon, and C: Reproductive tract, are possible metastatic sites but are not as common as the liver. Choice D: White blood cells (WBCs) is incorrect as WBCs are part of the immune system and not a typical site for cancer metastasis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The cane should be used on the unaffected side. This is because when using a cane, it should be placed on the side opposite the affected or weaker side to provide additional support and balance. Placing the cane on the unaffected side helps to reduce pressure on the affected side and provides more stability during walking. A is incorrect because the choice between a cane and a walker depends on the individual's specific needs and abilities. B is incorrect as placing the cane on the affected side would not provide optimal support and balance. D is incorrect as using a cane can help reduce stress on joints in clients with osteoarthritis, making it a helpful assistive device.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glucocorticoids and androgens. The adrenal cortex is divided into three layers, with each layer responsible for producing different hormones. The zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids like cortisol, which regulate metabolism and immune response. The zona reticularis produces androgens, such as DHEA, which are precursors to sex hormones. Therefore, choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the adrenal medulla, not the adrenal cortex. Mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone, are produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, not in the same layer as glucocorticoids and androgens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lymphocyte. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity by recognizing and remembering specific pathogens. They include B cells, which produce antibodies, and T cells, which directly attack infected cells. Neutrophils (A), basophils (B), and monocytes (C) are all important in the immune response but primarily function in innate immunity, not adaptive immunity. Neutrophils are phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens, basophils release inflammatory chemicals, and monocytes differentiate into macrophages that also phagocytize pathogens.