Mr. J. has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He refuses to eat, and told the nurse he knew he was 'being poisoned.' According to Erikson's theory, in what developmental stage would you place Mr. J.?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trust vs. mistrust. In Erikson's theory, this stage occurs in infancy, where the primary conflict is between developing trust in others and experiencing mistrust. Mr. J.'s belief that he is being poisoned reflects a deep sense of mistrust, which aligns with the characteristics of this developmental stage. It indicates a lack of trust in his environment and possibly in his own perceptions. Choices A, B, and D do not directly address the core issue of trust and mistrust in early development, making them incorrect for this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Surrogate. In this scenario, the nurse is assuming the role of a surrogate, representing the client's best interests and advocating for their well-being. The nurse is showing empathy and support by acknowledging Nancy's need for behavioral changes and expressing care. This aligns with Peplau's concept of the surrogate role, where the nurse acts as a substitute and supports the client's emotional needs. Choice A (Counselor) is incorrect because the nurse is not providing counseling or therapeutic interventions in this situation. Choice C (Technical Expert) is incorrect as the nurse is not primarily focused on providing technical knowledge or expertise. Choice D (Resource Person) is incorrect because the nurse is not primarily acting as a source of information or support for Nancy in this context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the duty to avoid causing harm to others. Fidelity (nonmaleficence) is a fundamental principle in ethics and healthcare, emphasizing the importance of not harming individuals. This duty ensures that professionals prioritize the well-being and safety of their clients or patients. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly address the concept of nonmaleficence. Choice A focuses on beneficence, which is different from nonmaleficence. Choice C pertains to autonomy, while choice D relates to distributive justice, none of which directly align with the principle of avoiding harm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a situational/external crisis refers to a crisis triggered by unanticipated loss or change, such as a sudden death or job loss. This type of crisis is external to the individual and typically beyond their control. Option A is incorrect as it describes a developmental crisis. Option B is incorrect as it refers to crises caused by external events like natural disasters. Option D is incorrect as it pertains to crises arising from internal struggles within an individual. Thus, C is the correct choice as it aligns with the definition of a situational/external crisis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by instability of affect (A), identity, and relationships. Patients with BPD often exhibit fear of abandonment and engage in manipulative behaviors (B). Additionally, impulsivity and self-injurious behaviors are common features of BPD (C). These characteristics are core symptoms of BPD as outlined in the diagnostic criteria. Therefore, choosing all the options (D) is the correct answer because individuals with BPD typically display a combination of these features.