Motor neurons from the hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervate the tongue. Destruction of these motor neurons due to traumatic injury would result in the loss of a(n)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypoglossal (CN XII) motor neurons innervate tongue muscles (effectors). Their destruction impairs tongue movement, not sensory, integration, or CNS pathways.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Gray matter comprises neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, forming CNS regions like the cortex. Myelinated axons are white matter.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The straight sinus is formed by the union of the inferior sagittal sinus (along the falx cerebri) and the great cerebral vein (Galen), draining into the confluence of sinuses. The superior sagittal sinus contributes to other sinuses, and the transverse sinus is downstream.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Neuroglia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) support and nourish neurons. Dendrites and axons are neuron parts, and neurotransmitters are chemicals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Depolarization is Na+ influx making the inside positive, initiating an action potential. Polarization is resting state, repolarization restores it, and hyperpolarization overshoots.