Mother Riza brings her normally developed 3-year-old to the clinic for a check-up. The nurse would expect that the child would be at least skilled in...

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory nursing, understanding child development milestones is crucial for assessing a child's overall health. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Using blunt scissors. At the age of 3, a child should be developing fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and the ability to use simple tools like blunt scissors. Option A) Riding a bicycle requires a higher level of gross motor skills and coordination, typically achieved around ages 5-6. Option B) Tying shoelaces involves complex fine motor skills and hand dexterity, usually mastered around ages 5-7. Option C) Stringing large beads also requires more advanced fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination, usually seen in children around ages 4-5. Educationally, understanding these developmental milestones helps nurses assess a child's growth and development accurately. By knowing what skills are expected at different ages, nurses can identify potential delays or issues early on and provide appropriate interventions or referrals. It also helps in educating parents about their child's development and what to expect as their child grows.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Concrete operations. This is because concrete operational thinking, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, typically occurs in children between the ages of 7 to 11 years. During this stage, children develop the ability to think logically about concrete events and objects. They can understand concepts like conservation, reversibility, and classification. In the context of the child's compulsion for collecting things, the nurse would explain to the mother that this behavior is a manifestation of the child's cognitive ability to perform concrete operations. The child is likely organizing and categorizing objects based on specific criteria that make sense to them at this stage of development. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: B) Formal operations: Formal operational thinking is the final stage in Piaget's theory, typically occurring in adolescence. This stage involves abstract and hypothetical thinking, which is beyond the cognitive abilities of a child who is compulsively collecting things. C) Coordination of secondary circular reactions: This option refers to a stage in Piaget's sensorimotor period, which is not relevant to the cognitive ability related to collecting behavior. D) Tertiary circular reactions: This option also belongs to Piaget's sensorimotor period and does not pertain to the cognitive ability to engage in collecting behavior. In an educational context, understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development can help nurses and healthcare professionals better comprehend and communicate with pediatric patients and their families. By recognizing the cognitive abilities of children at different stages, healthcare providers can tailor their explanations and interventions to be developmentally appropriate and supportive.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The fundus rises to the umbilicus after birth and remains there for about 24 hours. A fundus that is above the umbilicus may indicate uterine atony or urinary retention. The fundus palpable at the umbilicus is an appropriate assessment finding for 12 hours postpartum. The fundus palpable one fingerbreadth below the umbilicus is an appropriate assessment finding for 12 hours postpartum. The fundus palpable two fingerbreadths below the umbilicus is an unusual finding for 12 hours postpartum; however, it is still appropriate.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Activity can aid the movement of accumulated gas in the gastrointestinal tract. Rectal suppositories can be helpful after distention occurs; however, do not prevent it. Carbonated beverages may increase distention. Ambulation is the best prevention. Abdominal strengthening will not prevent distention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The location of the uterine fundus helps determine whether involution is progressing normally. Immediately after birth, the uterus is about the size of a large grapefruit or softball and weighs approximately 1000g (2.2 lb). The fundus can be palpated midway between the symphysis pubis and umbilicus in the midline of the abdomen. Within 12 hours, the fundus rises to approximately the level of the umbilicus. This finding is expected and can be followed with documentation. No further action is needed.